Porcine bile salt

Cur (≥95%) and porcine bile salt (cholic acid sodium salt ≥60%) were purchased from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Soybean oil was purchased from a local grocery store (Guangzhou, China). Medium-long chain diacylglycerol (MLCD) was synthesized in the laboratory (90.01% MLCD, 6.27% TAG, 2.67% monoglyceride and 1.05% free fatty acids). Glycerol tripalmitate (TP, 98%), glycerol trilaurate (TD, 98%), glycerol tristearate (TS, 98%) and rhamnolipid (Rha, ≥95%) were purchased from Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Tween 20 (HLB, 16.7) was acquired from Usolf Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shandong, China). Quillaja saponins (SQ, Sapogenin content 20–35%), Nile Red, Nile Blue, porcine pepsin and porcine lipase were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

α-Glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (activity ≥ 30 U/mg) and porcine bile salt (purity ≥ 60.0%) were obtained from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Pepsin (activity ≥ 800 U/mg), pancreatin (activity ≥ 4000 U/g), and amyloglucosidase (activity ≥ 10,000 U/g) were obtained from Shanghai Ryon Biological Technology Co., Ltd. The p-nitrobenzene-α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG, purity ≥ 99.0%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Peptides LADW and EEAEGT (purity ≥ 98.0%) were synthesized by ALL PEPTIDE Biology Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade.