Sodium glutamate

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Sodium glutamate is a chemical compound used in various laboratory applications. It is a white, crystalline powder that serves as a source of the amino acid glutamic acid. Sodium glutamate has a role in biochemical reactions and can be used as a buffer or for pH adjustment in laboratory settings.

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Glutamate (327 citations)

10 protocols using sodium glutamate

In vitro enzymatic assay of rGadB

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In vitro enzymatic reactions with rGadB and its derivatives were performed as previously described by Hiraga et al.49 Cell lysates were prepared by sonicating bacterial pellets six cycles for 15 seconds and collected by centrifugation at 3,300 x g for 20 minutes at 4°C. After centrifugation, soluble and insoluble fractions were collected and separated on a 10% SDS polyacrylamide gel at 200 V for 30 minutes; 100 μL of soluble and insoluble fractions was suspended in equal volumes of 4 M ammonium sulfate (Sigma), and the resulting mixture was then incubated for 3 minutes. Subsequently, 1.3 mL of substrate solution, consisting of 20 mM sodium glutamate (Sigma), pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) cofactor (Sigma), and Pyridine‐HCl (Sigma), was added to the mixture, followed by an incubation at 37°C for 20 minutes. The mixture was then heat inactivated by boiling for 5 minutes to stop the decarboxylation reaction. Reaction mixtures were subsequently analyzed for the presence of GABA and glutamate using LC‐MS analysis (details of LC‐MS analysis are provided in Data S1).

Pokusaeva K., Johnson C., Luk B., Uribe G., Fu Y., Oezguen N., Matsunami R.K., Lugo M., Major A., Mori‐Akiyama Y., Hollister E.B., Dann S.M., Shi X.Z., Engler D.A., Savidge T, & Versalovic J. (2016). GABA‐producing Bifidobacterium dentium modulates visceral sensitivity in the intestine. Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 29(1), e12904.

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Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption Assay

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Mitochondrial oxygen consumption was measured using a Clark-type oxygen electrode (Yellow Springs Instruments, Yellow Springs, OH, USA). State 4 respiration rate was evaluated in 1.5mL of basic medium containing 125 mM KCl (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 10mM HEPES, 3 mM Pi and 10 mM succinate plus 1 µg/mL rotenone (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), or 5 mM sodium glutamate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) plus 5 mM sodium malate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). State 3 respiration rate was measured after the addition of 200 µM ADP (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). The respiratory control index (RC) was calculated as the ratio between state 3/state 4 rates. Uncoupled respiration was measured by adding CCCP (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA); phosphorylation efficiency was calculated from the added amount of ADP and the total amount of oxygen consumed during state 3 (ADP/O ratio) [22 (link)].

García-Arroyo F.E., Monroy-Sánchez F., Muñoz-Jiménez I., Gonzaga G., Andrés-Hernando A., Zazueta C., Juárez-Rojas J.G., Lanaspa M.A., Johnson R.J, & Sánchez-Lozada L.G. (2019). Allopurinol Prevents the Lipogenic Response Induced by an Acute Oral Fructose Challenge in Short-Term Fructose Fed Rats. Biomolecules, 9(10), 601.

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Cyanide and Metal Removal from Jewelry Wastewater

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Potassium cyanate, ammonium chloride, potassium nitrate, sodium glutamate, and sodium acetate were supplied by Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other chemicals used in the study were of analytical grade. Solutions were prepared in water that was previously passed through a Milli-Q system from Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA). The jewelry industry wastewater containing cyanide and metals was supplied by the companies Avenir S.L. and Gemasur S.L. (Córdoba, Spain). Waste containing cyanide or other toxic compounds was disposed by the Environmental Protection Unit, University of Córdoba.

Sáez L.P., Cabello P., Ibáñez M.I., Luque-Almagro V.M., Roldán M.D, & Moreno-Vivián C. (2019). Cyanate Assimilation by the Alkaliphilic Cyanide-Degrading Bacterium Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344: Mutational Analysis of the cyn Gene Cluster. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(12), 3008.

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Murine Hippocampal Neuronal HT22 Cell Culture

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Murine hippocampal neuronal HT22 cells (originally purchased from ATCC) were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)/F12 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, HyClone), 100 nM penicillin/streptomycin, at 37 °C in 5% CO₂ and 90% relative humidity. The culture medium was renewed every 2 days. Sodium glutamate, and sodium selenite (Sigma-Aldrich, St Lois, MO), were reconstituted in water and diluted to appropriate concentrations in cell culture medium. Antibodies directed against caspase-3, caspase-9, apoptosis protease-activating factor-1 (Apaf-1), cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9 were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA. Anti LC3A/B, Fis1, Drp1, p-Drp1, and β-actin were purchased from Abcam, Cambridge, MA.

Ma Y.M., Ibeanu G., Wang L.Y., Zhang J.Z., Chang Y., Dong J.D., Li P.A, & Jing L. (2017). Selenium suppresses glutamate-induced cell death and prevents mitochondrial morphological dynamic alterations in hippocampal HT22 neuronal cells. BMC Neuroscience, 18, 15.

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Spheroid Formation Assay with AGI-5198

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Adherent cells were treated with 3 μM AGI-5198 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) for 3 or 5 days in reference to vehicle control. Culture medium was replaced every other day to maintain the concentrations for 5 days before the cells were seeded at a density of 5 × 10⁴ per well in a 48-well plate for spheroid growth, with continued dosing every three days. Generally, spheroid growth was photographed 7 days after seeding and terminated for further analyses. For animal studies, 150 mg/kg AGI-5198 [29 (link)] was administered orally daily. Spheroid cultures involving the addition of sodium glutamate, NAC, and oxaloacetate (Sigma-Aldrich) were performed as described previously [17 (link), 18 (link)] with additional dosing every other day.

Tiburcio P.D., Gillespie D.L., Jensen R.L, & Huang L.E. (2020). Extracellular glutamate and IDH1R132H inhibitor promote glioma growth by boosting redox potential. Journal of neuro-oncology, 146(3), 427-437.

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Culturing and Maintaining Streptococcus Strains

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S. gordonii DL1 (Challis; ATCC 35105) and S. oralis 34 (formerly S. sanguis 34) (39 (link)) were routinely cultured statically at 37°C in THYE medium consisting of Todd Hewitt Broth (30 g · liter⁻¹; Difco, Becton, Dickinson and Company, Oxford, UK) and yeast extract (5 g · liter⁻¹; Melford Laboratories, Ipswich, UK) or on solidified THYE medium containing Bacto agar (15 g · liter⁻¹; Difco, Becton, Dickinson). Alternatively, bacteria were cultured in BHYG medium containing (per liter) 37 g brain heart infusion (Becton, Dickinson), 5 g yeast extract, 2.5 g sodium glutamate (Sigma-Aldrich, Dorset, UK). All media were sterilized by autoclaving at 121°C for 15 min before use. For long-term storage, stocks of bacteria were maintained at −80°C in THYE medium supplemented with 50% glycerol. The purity of cultures was checked frequently by phase-contrast microscopy and by plating aliquots on agar plates.

Choo S.W., Mohammed W.K., Mutha N.V., Rostami N., Ahmed H., Krasnogor N., Tan G.Y, & Jakubovics N.S. (2021). Transcriptomic Responses to Coaggregation between Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus oralis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 87(22), e01558-21.

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In vitro enzymatic assay for GABA synthesis

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In vitro enzymatic reactions with rGadB and its derivatives were performed as previously described by Hiraga et. al. (49 (link)). Cell lysates were prepared by sonicating bacterial pellets six cycles for 15 seconds and collected by centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 20 minutes at 4 °C. After centrifugation, soluble and insoluble fractions were collected and separated on a 10% SDS Polyacrylamide gel at 200 V for 30 minutes. 100 µl of soluble and insoluble fractions were suspended in equal volumes of 4 M ammonium sulfate (Sigma) and the resulting mixture was then incubated for 3 minutes. Subsequently, 1.3 mL of substrate solution, consisting of 20 mM sodium glutamate (Sigma), PLP cofactor (Sigma), and Pyridine-HCl (Sigma), was added to the mixture, followed by an incubation at 37 °C for 20 minutes. The mixture was then heat inactivated by boiling for 5 minutes to stop the decarboxylation reaction. Reaction mixtures were subsequently analyzed for the presence of GABA and glutamate using LC-MS analysis (Details of LC-MS analysis in Supporting Information).

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Nanoparticle Synthesis and Sensing Protocols

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All the chemicals and reagents used were of analytical grades. Silver nitrate (AgNO₃), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (C₁₉H₄₂BrN), epigallocatechin gallate standard (EGCG) (C₂₂H₁₈O₁₁), acetone (C₃H₆O), glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆), maltose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁), citric acid (C₆H₈O₇), ferrous sulphate (FeSO₄·7H₂O), sodium glutamate (C₅H₈NO₄Na), carmine (C₂₂H₂₀O₁₃), ascorbic acid (C₆H₈O₆), boric acid (H₃BO₃), ethylene diamine tetra acetate (EDTA), oxalic acid (C₂H₂O₄), sodium thyroxine (C₁₅H₁₀I₄NNaO₄) and all other solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich for the synthesis of the NPs and for sensing purposes.

Borah N., Kalita A.J., Guha A.K., Das M.R, & Tamuly C. (2021). Dual colorimetric sensing of ascorbic acid and thyroxine using Ag–EGCG–CTAB via a DFT approach. RSC Advances, 11(58), 36698-36706.

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Biofabrication of Nanocomposite Bone Scaffolds

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Ascorbic acid, bovine serum albumin (BSA; standard grade), and sodium glutamate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Trading Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). nHA was purchased from Aladdin Chemistry Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Expandable graphite flakes were ordered from ChengYang Graphite Products Co., Ltd. (Qingdao, China). Silver nitrate, glacial acetic acid, methanol, ethanol, and a glucose analysis kit were purchased from Sinopsin Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Crystal violet was purchased from Beijing Solibao Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). trypsin soy broth (TSB) and trypsin soy agar (TSA) were purchased from Becton Dickinson Co., Ltd. (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin-streptomycin double-antibiotic solution, trypsin, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM)/F-12, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). CCK-8 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) kits were purchased from Biyuntian Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). New Zealand white rabbits were purchased from SLAC Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The water used in all experiments was purified using a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA), with a resistivity of 18.2 ΜΩ cm.

Weng W., Li X., Nie W., Liu H., Liu S., Huang J., Zhou Q., He J., Su J., Dong Z, & Wang D. (2020). One-Step Preparation of an AgNP-nHA@RGO Three-Dimensional Porous Scaffold and Its Application in Infected Bone Defect Treatment. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 15, 5027-5042.

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Mitochondrial Function Assay Protocol

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The reagents used in this study were adenosine diphosphate (ADP) sodium salt, antimycin A, bovine serum albumin (BSA), fatty acid (FA)-free BSA, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), D-mannitol, eosin, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate (EDTA), ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), hematoxylin, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), K-lactobionate, magnesium chloride (MgCl₂), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2′-phosphate-reduced (NADPH), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP⁺), oligomycin, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), rotenone, safranin O, Sirius red, sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium glutamate, sodium malate, sodium phosphate monobasic (NaH₂PO₄), sodium pyruvate, sodium succinate dibasic, sucrose, taurine, and tris hydrochloride (Tris-HCl), which were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium pentobarbital (PISABENTAL^®, Mexico City, Mexico), used as a sedative and anesthetic, was purchased from Proveedora Veterinaria Kan S. A. de C. V. (Mexico City, Mexico).

Prieto-Carrasco R., Silva-Palacios A., Rojas-Morales P., Aparicio-Trejo O.E., Medina-Reyes E.I., Hernández-Cruz E.Y., Sánchez-Garibay C., Salinas-Lara C., Pavón N., Roldán F.J., Zazueta C., Tapia E, & Pedraza-Chaverri J. (2021). Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction for 28 Days in Rats Is Not Associated with Changes in Cardiac Function or Alterations in Mitochondrial Function. Biology, 10(7), 671.

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