Sodium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous

Reagents used in the various methods, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and (±)-catechin were purchased from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Sternheim, Germany). The following reagents were also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie: iron (III)-chloride, potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), sodium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous, sodium dihydrogen phosphate andtrichloroacetic acid. Gallic acid was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Maltodextrin of dextrose equivalent (DE) 16.5–19.5 (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH) was used as a carrier material. All other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade.

Reagents used in the methods, 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), Folin-Ciocalteu and (±)-Catechin were purchased from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Sternheim, Germany). The following reagents were also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie: iron (III)-chloride, potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), sodium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous, sodium dihydrogen phosphate and trichloroacetic acid. Gallic acid was purchased from Sigma (St. Luis, MO, USA). α-Amylase from porcine pancreas, α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 4-Nitrophenyl α-d-glucopyranoside and acarbose were obtained from Sigma (St Louis, MO, USA). All other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade.

Acetonitrile (HPLC-grade), formic acid, polysorbate 80 (PS 80), sodium chloride, sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate, sodium hydrogen phosphate (anhydrous), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and tert-butanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich^® Denmark ApS (Brøndby, Denmark). Sodium hydroxide was purchased from Merck A/S (Hellerup, Denmark). Soluplus^®, an amphiphilic graft co-polymer based on polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl caprolactam and polyvinyl acetate, was kindly donated by BASF SE (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Tadalafil (TDF; purity 99%) was purchased from abcr GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany). D-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (Vitamin E TPGS) (NF grade) was kindly donated by Gustav Parmentier GmbH (Frankfurt am Main, Germany). If not stated otherwise, chemicals were of analytical grade. Simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) instant powder containing sodium taurocholate and lecithin was purchased from biorelevant.com (London, United Kingdom). Highly purified water used for the preparation of all dispersion- and acceptor media and aqueous UHPLC solvent was freshly prepared using a Milli-Q^® integral water purification system (Milli-Q^® Advantage A10^®; Merck Millipore, Merck A/S, Hellerup, Denmark).