Quercetin 3 o rutinoside hydrate

ACS-grade solvents (acetone, methanol, and 95% ethanol), HPLC-grade solvents (water, methanol, and acetonitrile), glass wool, Gibco fetal bovine serum, glacial acetic acid and hydrochloric acid were acquired from the Fisher Scientific Co., LLC (Suwanee, GA, USA). Sephadex LH-20, Amberlite XAD-16, Folin & Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, gallic acid (>99%), (+)-catechin hydrate (>99%), chlorogenic acid (≥98%), protocatechuic acid (≥97%), vanillic acid (≥97%), fluorescein 3′,6′-dihydroxyspiro[isobenzofuran-1[3H]9′[9[H]xanthen]-3-one), Trolox [(±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid, 97%], TPTZ (2,4,6-tripyridyl-S-triazine, ≥99.0%), quercetin-3-O-rutinoside hydrate (≥94%), iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (≥99.0%), iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (97%), 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA, ≥97%), and 2,2′-azobis [2-amidinopropane] dihydrochloride (ABAP) were purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO, USA). Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride was obtained from the Indofine Chemical Company, Inc. (Hillsborough, NJ, USA). Advanced DMEM, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HBSS), penicillin-streptomycin, and trypsin-EDTA were purchased from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY, USA). Human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells were procured from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).

Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (aka keracyanin), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (aka kuromanin) and luteolin were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay Cedex, France). 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (aka neochlorogenic acid), 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid (aka cryptochlorogenic acid), 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (aka chlorogenic acid), kaempferol, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside hydrate (aka rutin hydrate), quercetin dihydrate, DL-3-phenyllactic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (aka protocatechuic acid), caffeic acid and toluene were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). DL-p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). HPLC-grade acetonitrile was from Sigma-Aldrich, while HPLC-grade water and LC-MS grade formic acid were purchased from VWR International (Milan, Italy).