Experimental diabetes was induced in the animals by a single intraperitoneal administration of STZ dissolved in 0.1 mol/l citrate buffer (pH 4.5) at a dose of 65 mg/kg. Normal rats received an equal volume of citrate buffer. Three days post-STZ injection, tail vein blood samples were collected and glucose levels were measured with a Onetouch glucometer (Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ, USA). The rats were considered diabetic and used for the study only if their glucose levels were >15 mmol/l (15 (link)). Rats were maintained for 8 weeks after vehicle or STZ injection.
Onetouch glucometer
Manufactured by Johnson & Johnson
Sourced in United States
The OneTouch glucometer is a portable device used to measure blood glucose levels. It provides users with a quick and accurate reading of their current blood sugar levels.
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Lab products found in correlation
Humulin r, by Eli Lilly (2 mentions)
Chemical assay kit, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
Elisa assay kit, by RayBiotech (1 mentions)
Diagnostic kit, by Nanjing Jiancheng (1 mentions)
Pioglitazone, by Takeda Pharmaceuticals (1 mentions)
Elisa kit, by Bioswamp (1 mentions)
Streptozotocin (stz), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
13 protocols using onetouch glucometer
1
Diabetes Induction in Rats using STZ
2
Metabolic and Renal Function in Rats
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Before being placed on the experimental diets, rat body weights were recorded and then taken weekly. Fasting blood glucose measurements were taken weekly using a One Touch Glucometer (Johnson and Johnson). At the initiation of the diet, each rat was placed in a metabolic cage with access to water solely for a 24-hour urine collection. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) based on creatinine clearance was determined using urine and plasma creatinine assay kits (Cayman Chemicals, Ann Arbor, MI, number 500701 and number 700460) and urine output levels. GFR was calculated by urine concentration multiplied by the urine output, all divided by plasma concentration. cGMP urine levels were measured using a kit from Cayman Chemicals (Cayman Chemicals, Ann Arbor, MI, number 581021). Plasma nitrotyrosine measurements were made using a nitrotyrosine assay kit (Hycult Laboratories, Uden, the Netherlands, number HK501). These measurements were repeated at experimental times of 3, 6, and 8 weeks. A glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed at week 6. Blood glucose readings for the GTT were taken at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes after intraperitoneal injection of glucose. Plasma nitrite levels were measured using a chemical assay kit (Cayman Chemicals, number 780001) and were tested at weeks 0 and 8.
3
Metabolic Profile Analysis in Rats
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At the age of 16 weeks, rats were fasted for 12 h and killed after anesthesia. FBG levels were analyzed by a OneTouch glucometer (Johnson and Johnson, USA). Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) detection was carried out following the manufacturer's instruction (Jiancheng, Nanjing, China). Glycosylated serum protein (GSP), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in serum were measured by commercial available kits purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Liver tissues were stored at −80°C until analysis. Liver samples were rinsed with physiological saline, dried, and immediately weighed for hepatic glycogen measurement (Jiancheng, Nanjing, China).
4
Glucose and Insulin Tolerance Tests
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Tolerance to glucose (GTT) or to insulin (ITT) was performed in the last week of the treatment protocol. Mice were fasted for 6 hr and injected intraperitoneally with glucose (2 g/kg BW) to GTT, or insulin (0.75 UI/kg BW; Humulin R; Lilly) to ITT. Tail‐vein blood glucose levels were determined before and 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min after glucose injection, and before and 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 min after insulin injection using a OneTouch® glucometer (Johnson & Johnson). Glucose concentration versus time was plotted and the area under the curve was calculated for each animal, and glucose concentration versus time was plotted and the glucose level lowering rate was calculated.
5
Polydatin Impact on Glycemic and Lipid Profile
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After 8-weeks polydatin administration, One-Touch glucometer (Johnson and Johnson, USA) was used to determine the FBG in the caudal vein blood. Diagnostic kits (Jiancheng Biotech, Nanjing, China) were used to measure glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in plasma. Colorimetric assay kits according to the standard methods (Jiancheng Biotech, Nanjing, China) were used to detect the total cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. ELISA assay kit from RayBiotech (#P01323, Norcross, GA, USA) was used to evaluate the insulin levels.
6
Glucose and Insulin Tolerance Tests
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In the last week of the treatment protocol, the insulin tolerance test (ITT) and glucose tolerance test (GTT) were performed. Mice were fasted for 6 h and injected intraperitoneally with glucose (2 g/kg BW) to GTT, or insulin (0.75 UI/kg BW; Humulin R; Lilly, Indianapolis, IN, USA) to ITT. Tail-vein blood glucose levels were determined before and the 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min after glucose injection, and before and 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 min after insulin injection using an OneTouch® glucometer (Johnson and Johnson, Milpitas, CA, USA). Glucose concentration vs. time was plotted and the area under the curve was calculated for each animal, and glucose concentration vs. time was plotted and the glucose level lowering rate was calculated. The serum glucose disappearance constant (kITT) was estimated during the insulin tolerance test and calculated by the slope of the logarithm regression line of the glycemia against time during the first 3–15 min when the plasma glucose concentration falls linearly.
7
Glucose and Insulin Tolerance Tests in Mice
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After fasting for 18 h, blood glucose was measured in whole blood from the tail vein (0 min) by using a one-touch glucometer (Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ, USA). Subsequently, the glucose solution dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was injected intraperitoneally (2 g/kg), and blood glucose was detected at 30, 60, and 120 min. For the insulin tolerance test (ITT), the mice were fasted for 4 h, and blood glucose was measured in whole blood from the tail vein (0 min) by using a glucometer, the insulin solution dissolved in PBS was injected intraperitoneally (2 units/kg), and blood glucose was detected at 30, 60, and 120 min. An area under the curve (AUC) trapezoid model from 0 to 120 min after challenge was used to quantitatively evaluate glucose clearance activity. The AUC between any two time points was calculated as follows: (time difference in minutes between sequential reads) × (glucose level 1st time point + glucose level 2nd time point)/2) [16 (link)].
8
Polydatin and Pioglitazone in db/db Mice
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Twenty-one healthy specific pathogen free female db/db leptin receptor deficient type 2 diabetic mice (abbreviated by db/db) aged 6 weeks and seven female wild type C57BL/6 mice (abbreviated by C57) aged 6 weeks were supplied by the Experimental Animal Center of Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou, China; animal quality certification number: 201403212). The mice were adapted to the environment for 1 week and then randomly divided into 4 groups based on the weight and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels as follows: C57 control group (n = 7), db/db model group (n = 7), polydatin treatment group (n = 7, 100 mg/kg, dissolved in 0.5 % (w/v) CMC-Na; purity >98 %, HPLC; Zelang, Nanjing, China), and pioglitazone treatment group (n = 7, 10 mg/kg, dissolved in 0.5 % (w/v) CMC-Na; Takeda, Japan, subpackaged by Tianjin Takeda). The mice were administered by gavage 6 days every week at 9:30–10:30 am, totally for 4 weeks. We weighed the mice every day to determine the exact dose of drugs needed to be given and measured the FBG levels every other week using a One-Touch glucometer (Johnson and Johnson, USA) after starvation for 12 h. The animals were housed in a temperature-controlled (20–25 °C) and humidity-controlled (40–70 %) barrier system with 12:12 h light and dark cycle.
9
Glucose and Insulin Tolerance Tests
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For oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), ICR mice were fasted overnight for 12 h. And a small tail cut was made to measure the blood glucose by OneTouch glucometer (from Johnson & Johnson Medical (Shanghai) Ltd., China) as starting blood glucose value(0 min), Following an oral feeding of glucose (2 g/kg mice body weight), blood glucose was continuously measured at 30 min, 60 min, 90 min and 120 min. For the insulin tolerance test (ITT) with mice would be fasting 4 h and injection of insulin (1 IU/kg mice body weight). Blood glucose levels were determined by tail vein sampling at the indicated intervals (0, 15, 45, 60, 90 min) using OneTouch glucometer.
10
Assessing Insulin Resistance in Fasted Mice
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Mice were fasted for 12 h with free access to water and blood samples were collected from the tail vein to detect fasting blood glucose (FBG) weekly by a One Touch glucometer (Johnson & Johnson, USA). Fasting insulin levels were determined in the serum of mice fasted for 12 h using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Bioswamp, Cat# MU30432). According to the fasting insulin and glucose concentration, the insulin resistance index HOMA-IR was calculated according to Equation (1) :![]()
HOMA − IR = Fasting insulin mU / L × Fasting glu cos e mmol / L / 22.5
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