Rat chow

Male (n=36) and female (n=54) Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from Taconic Farms (Germantown, NY) and divided into either water (W), low dose 4/10 mg/kg MP (LD), or high dose 30/60 mg/kg MP (HD) groups (n = 30/group). On arrival (~PND28), rats were single housed in a temperature- and humidity-controlled room on a reverse 12-hour light cycle (lights off 08:00h). Rat chow (Teklad, Indianapolis, IN) was provided ad libitum, and water or MP solution was available during the dark period for 8 hours daily between 09:00h and 17:00h. Food intake, fluid intake, and body weight were recorded daily throughout the experiment. Experiments were conducted in conformity with the National Academy of Science’s Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NAS and NRC, 1996) and approved by the State University at Buffalo Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocols.

A total of 43 male (Experiments 1 and 2) and 16 male and 16 female (Experiment 3), age matched, Sprague-Dawley rats (Envigo, Indianapolis, IN, USA) were used to complete all experiments. All rats were pair-housed on a normal 12:12 light-dark cycle in a temperature and humidity-controlled vivarium. Rats were given 5 days to acclimate after arrival before the beginning of the experiments. Rat chow (Envigo, Indianapolis, IN, USA) and water were available ad libitum throughout the study. All experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Medical University of South Carolina and were in accordance with the “Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Rats” of the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources on Life Sciences, National Research Council.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (ENVIGO, Indianapolis, IN) weighing 340–360 g were singly housed in the animal vivarium at the University of Colorado Boulder. Rats were maintained on a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle and fed rat chow (ENVIGO, Indianapolis, IN) ad libitum unless otherwise noted. All experiments were conducted during the light cycle. Experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines established by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Colorado Boulder.

A total of 40 Sprague-Dawley rats (Envigo, Indianapolis, IN, USA) were pair-housed on a reversed 12:12 light-dark cycle in a temperature and humidity-controlled vivarium for this study. Experiment 1 had 16 male subjects, while Experiment 2 had 16 male and 8 female subjects (1 male excluded from final analyses due to catheter failure). Rats acclimated for 5 days after arrival before experiments began. Water was available ad libitum throughout the study, and rat chow (Envigo, Indianapolis, IN, USA) was provided daily until extinction, after which time food was provided ad libitum. All experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Medical University of South Carolina and were in accordance with the “Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Rats” of the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources on Life Sciences, National Research Council.