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11 protocols using thermocool smarttouch catheter

1

Mapping and Ablation Procedure for Atrial Fibrillation

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All procedures were performed under general anaesthesia, using the CARTO 3 mapping system (Biosense Webster Inc., Irvine, CA) with the CARTOFINDER module. Mapping was performed using a 4–4-4 mm 20-pole PentaRay™ NAV catheter. A ThermoCool® SmartTouch® catheter was used for ablation (Biosense Webster Inc.), and a decapolar Dynamic XT™ catheter (Boston Scientific, MA) was placed in the CS.
AF cycle length (AFCL) was measured over 10 s in the distal CS, where there was a strong correlation with post-PVI left atrial appendage (LAA) cycle length (r = 0.76, p < 0.001). Hence, comparisons were made of AFCL in the distal CS at baseline, post-PVI and pre-cardioversion[5 (link)].
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2

Pulmonary Vein Isolation and Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion

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All operations were performed under local anesthesia. Before surgery, all patients (excluding patients with LA thrombosis) underwent TEE, and the LAAEV was recorded. Under the guidance of the CARTO 3 (Biosense Webster, USA) system, a Thermocool SmartTouch catheter (Biosense Webster, USA) was used to isolate the pulmonary veins, and a Lasso catheter (Biosense Webster, USA) was used to verify the bidirectional isolation of all pulmonary veins. No additional ablation lines were performed in this study. The sinus rhythm of all patients was recovered through ablation, medication, or electrical cardioversion. After ablation, blocking was conducted according to routine procedure. Watchman devices (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, Massachusetts, USA) were used as implanted occluders, and the PASS principle was followed to release the occluders.
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3

Contiguous PVI Lesion Ablation Protocol

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The CLOSE protocol, consisting of CF-guided PVI targeting an interlesion distance ≤6 mm has been previously described.3 5 (link) After transseptal puncture, a left atrial three-dimensional electroanatomical map was generated using CARTO 3 System with LASSO Circular Mapping Catheter (Biosense Webster, Irvine, California, USA). Ablation was performed with either a Thermocool Smarttouch Catheter or Thermocool Smarttouch SF Catheter (Biosense Webster) to obtain a contiguous lesion set for ipsilateral circumferential PVI. VISITAG SURPOINT target values were 550 for anterior and 400 for posterior. Verification of entrance block was performed for all PVs with the LASSO catheter after a 20 min waiting period.
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4

Pulmonary Vein Isolation for Atrial Fibrillation

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Before the LAAC, ablations of the AF were undertaken. As an analgesic, fentanyl was given, and lidocaine was administered as local anesthesia in the left subclavian and groin regions. A three-dimensional CARTO3 mapping system from Biosense Webster (Johnson & Johnson) was used to guide pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) point–by–point through a ThermoCool Smart Touch Catheter (Biosense Webster; Johnson & Johnson) at specific power (35–40 W) and temperature (43°C). The endpoint of CA was a bidirectional conduction block between the pulmonary vein (PV) and LA veins. In patients with paroxysmal AF, PVI along with non-PV trigger elimination was carried out. For patients with persistent AF, additional linear and/or complex fractionated atrial electrogram ablations were carried out. The sinus rhythm restoration was attained by ibutilide fumarate injection, ablation, or electric cardioversion.
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5

Circumferential Pulmonary Vein Isolation for Atrial Fibrillation

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All patients had undergone circumferential pulmonary vein isolation (CPVI) using
the CARTO® 3 System (Biosense Webster, Irvine, CA, USA; Figure 1c). Under local anaesthesia,
double transseptal punctures were created using a Brockenbrough needle, and two
SL1 sheaths were introduced into the LA via the septum. A 100 U/kg dose of
heparin was administered intravenously, with a target activated clotting-time
value of 300–400 s. The catheters were placed in the LA through SL1 sheaths, and
electroanatomical mapping was performed with a Pentaray NAV catheter (Biosense
Webster). Ablation was performed using a THERMOCOOL SMARTTOUCH® catheter
(Biosense Webster). The endpoint of the CPVI procedure was the achievement of a
complete entrance and exit block. Following confirmation of PVI, a 20-min
waiting period from the last radiofrequency application was required, with
adenosine challenge to rule out dormant reduction.
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6

Real-Time Contact Force Monitoring

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A 7.5 Fr open-irrigated tip catheter capable of CF-sensing technology, ThermoCool SmartTouch catheter (Biosense Webster Inc., CA), with a 3.5 mm catheter-tip electrode was used for this experiment. Three location sensors mounted on the shaft were capable of accurate (a resolution of 1 g every 50 ms) and real-time CF measurement. Force–time-integral (FTI = unit, g·s) is defined as the total CF integrated over the duration of RF current delivery, while FPTI is additional index considering delivered energy (FPTI = unit, g·W·s).
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7

Simulating Cardiac Ablation Using Swine Muscle

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Swine skeletal muscle (loin) was obtained from a butcher shop. A motor drive moving platform was created for an in vitro model simulating the beating heart. A ThermoCool SmartTouch catheter (Biosense Webster Inc., CA, USA) was placed on the tissue specimen over a vibrating platform placed within a tank filled with physiologic saline solution at 36.5°C (Fig. 1). The platform was continuously vibrated at a rate of 50 cycles per minute by an electronic motor. An RF generator (Stockert GmbH, Freiburg, Germany) was connected to deliver an RF current of 550 kHz between the catheter-tip electrode and a ground plate in the tank. A calibrated roller pump (CoolFlow irrigation pump, Biosense Webster Inc., CA, USA) connected to the irrigation port of the catheter delivered normal saline solution at a rate of 17 mL/min for ablation power below 30 W and 30 mL/min for ablation power above 30 W. The CARTO 3 system (Biosense Webster Inc., CA) used for the CF data is fully integrated into the system display and can be configured to show the data at several locations on the screen.
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8

Thermocool Catheters for Cardiac Ablation

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The ThermoCool SmartTouch catheter (Biosense Webster, Inc., Diamond Bar, California) is a 7.5 Fr CF sensing catheter and has a 3.5 mm tip electrode with 6 small holes (0.4 mm diameter) around the circumference for saline irrigation. The catheter tip electrode is mounted on a precision spring, which permits micro-deflection, which is measured by three magnetic sensors located proximal to the spring. The system calculates the associated magnitude and angle of CF based on the micro-deflection, which is displayed both continuously and as the average value (over 1 s) on an electroanatomical mapping system (CARTO XP, Biosense Webster, Inc.) [4] (link).
The ThermoCool SF Catheter (Biosense Webster, Inc) is a non-CF sensing, open irrigation catheter with an 8 Fr tip electrode, 3.5 mm in length with 56 very small holes (diameter 0.0035″) positioned around the entire electrode. It contains an embedded thermocouple for monitoring electrode temperature during RF ablation.
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9

Cardiac Mapping and Ablation Procedures

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FAT ablation procedures performed with the CARTO mapping system during the same time period were enrolled as a control cohort. This 3D electroanatomic mapping system (Biosense Webster) is widely used for mapping common rhythm disorders and complex arrhythmias. Three coils placed in a locator pad generate a low‐level magnetic field and the magnetic power of each coil is measured by a sensor located at the tip of the mapping catheter. For creation of 3D Map the respective ablation catheter or a multi‐electrode mapping catheter with 20 (CARTO Lasso) or 22 (CARTO Pentaray) electrodes was employed. By combining the strength of each coil and transforming the results into distance parameters, three‐dimensional geometry of the chamber and the local activation times can be generated. Radiofrequency was applied using the ThermoCool SmartTouch catheter (Biosense Webster) and catheter stability during RF application was controlled by measuring contact force (CF).16
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10

Multimodal Cardiac Mapping Integration

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CT data were integrated into CARTO using SoundStar Ultrasound Catheter (Biosense Webster) (SoundMerge), as previously described.8 SoundMerge comprises two steps: landmark registration by a single landmark and surface registration with shells created by LA and PV posterior walls and roofs. In most cases, the best landmark is the posterior carina of the right PV, which is visualized and easily identified. If clear echo images cannot be obtained, additional points can be added using an open‐irrigated ThermoCoolSmartTouch catheter (Biosense Webster). Currently, we routinely add linear points at the roof of the left and right PVs and at the bottom of the left and right PVs using a Thermocool Smart Touch catheter.
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