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19 protocols using hydrochloric acid hcl

1

Chitosan Microsphere Fabrication and Characterization

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Microspheres were prepared using chitosan (CS) brand 90/200/A1 (deacetylation degree and viscosity of 91.9% and 128 mPa·s (1% at 20 °C in 1% acetic acid solution)), provided by Biolog Heppe (Landsberg, Germany). The ionic crosslinking bath was prepared using sodium tripolyphosphate purchased from Alfa Aesar (Kandel, Germany) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) supplied from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain) (as coagulation bath pH adjuster). For the covalent crosslinking, vanillin (99% of purity), acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis MO, United States), was employed. For chitosan dissolution and swelling tests, glacial acetic acid (AcAc) purchased from JT Baker (Matsonford, PA, USA) was used. Distilled water was employed for the preparation of the dissolutions. Potassium bromide (KBr) (≥99% of purity) was used to prepare the pellets used for Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis.
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2

Synthesis of PAA-g-P(boc-LL) Graft Copolymer

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PAA-g-P(boc-LL) graft copolymer (bearing boc-protected -NH2) was synthesized by the grafting onto method using carbodiimide chemistry. Details about this process are reported elsewhere [35 (link)]. The graft copolymer molecular characteristics are Mw = 575,202 Da and grafting density 8% mol (that is, 11 PLL side chains per backbone). Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), Hydrochloric acid (HCl, Panreac, Chicago, IL, USA), Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH, Panreac, Chicago, IL, USA), deuterated solvent Deuterium Oxide (D2O) (St. Louis, MO, USA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Athens, Greece) and used without further purification. Ultra-pure three-distilled water (3D-H2O) was obtained by means of an ELGA Medica R7/15 device.
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3

Analytical Protocol for Toxins

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The chemicals and reagents used were of analytical or higher grade. Acetonitrile (MeCN, LC-MS grade) and methanol (MeOH, HPLC grade) were purchased from Scharlab (Barcelona, Spain) and VWR (Barcelona, Spain), respectively. Ultrapure water was obtained from a Milli-Q Gradient system fed with an Elix Advantage-10 (Millipore Iberica, Madrid, Spain). Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH, 25%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH > 99%), formic acid (98–100%), and glacial acetic acid (AcOH) were obtained from Merck (Barcelona, Spain), and hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%) was obtained from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). The graphitized carbon Supelclean ENVICarb (250 mg/3 mL) cartridges were acquired from Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA).
Certified reference standard (CRM) for GYM A was acquired from the Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council (NRC) (Halifax, NC, Canada) and for TTX from Cifga S.A. (Lugo, Spain). Working standard solutions were prepared by diluting the stock solution with 50% methanol for GYM A or acetic acid 0.1 mM for TTX.
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4

Amino Acid Analysis Protocol

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All reagents were of analytical grade, and water was obtained with a Milli-Q system from Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA). Acetonitrile (ACN) was from Scharlau (Barcelona, Spain), di-sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borate buffer) from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), and standard amino acids (AA-18) from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Glutaraldehyde, sodium borohydrate (NaHB4), sodium tetraborate, β-mercaptoethanol, o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA), L-glutathione (GSH), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) were from Panreac (Darmstadt, Germany). Alcalase was kindly donated by Novozymes Spain S.A. (Madrid, Spain).
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5

Cytotoxicity Assay Protocol with Diverse Chemicals

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Chemicals including 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulphophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT), 2,6-dichloroindophenol (2,6-DCIP, sodium salt hydrate), 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT), 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), acetonitrile (can), Bradford Reagent, cumene hydroperoxide, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), flavin adenine dinucleotide disodium (FAD, salt hydrated), glutathione (GSH, reduced form), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD, reduced disodium salt hydrated), β -nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), phosphate buffered saline (PBS), sodium chloride, sodium phosphate (NaH2PO4), sulforaphane (SFN), 0.1% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) solution, and Trizma® base were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). Absolute ethanol, di-sodium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous (Na2HPO4), and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were obtained from Panreac AppliChem (Barcelona, Spain). The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was purchased from Dojindo Laboratories (Munich, Germany).
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6

Synthesis and Characterization of Boc-PLL Polypeptide

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Boc-PLL polypeptide was synthesized by ring opening polymerization of the ε-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine-N-carboxy anhydride (NCA), with the following molecular weight characteristics: Mw= 11,980 Daltons, Mn = 11,365 Daltons (degree of polymerization 50) and molecular polydispersity, Mw/Mn, = 1.054. Details are reported elsewhere [32 (link)]. PAA (Mw = 450,000 Daltons) was purchased from Polysciences (Warrington, USA). N, N′-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC, Alfa Aesar, MA, USA), 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (HOBt, Fluka, NC, USA) were used as received. Dimethylformamide (DMF, Aldrich, MA, USA), hydrochloric acid (HCl, Panreac, Chicago, IL, USA), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, Panreac, Chicago, IL, USA), diethyl ether (DEE), tetrahydrofuran (THF), methanol and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Athens, Greece) and used without further purification. Deuterated solvents deuterium oxide (D2O and deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-d6)) (from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were used as received. Ultra-pure 3-distilled water (3D-H2O) was obtained by means of an ELGA Medica R7/15 device.
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7

Analytical Standards for Seafood Toxins

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Acetonitrile (MeCN) was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), methanol (HPLC grade quality) from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Steinheim, Germany), and ultrapure water from a Milli-Q A-10 system (Millipore Iberica, Madrid, Spain).
Analytical grade ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH, 25%) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH > 99%) were obtained from Merck (Barcelona, Spain) and hydrochloric acid (HCL, 37%) from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain).
The 13desmSPXC; 13,19-didesmSPXC and 20-methSPXG solutions in methanol were purchased from CIFGA laboratorio S.A. (Lugo, Spain)
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8

Preparation of Analytical Solvents

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Acetonitrile (LC-MS grade) and methanol (HPLC grade quality) were purchased from Scharlab (Spain) and VWR (Spain), respectively. Ultrapure water was obtained from a Milli-Q gradient system fed with an Elix Advantage-10 (Millipore Ibérica, Spain). Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH, 25%) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH > 99%) were obtained from Merck (Barcelona, Spain), and hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%) from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain).
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9

Preparation of LC-MS Grade Solvents

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Acetonitrile (LC-MS grade) and methanol (HPLC grade quality) were purchased from Scharlab (Sentmenat, Spain) and VWR (Llinars del Vallés, Spain), respectively. Ultrapure water was obtained from a Milli-Q gradient system fed with an Elix Advantage-10 (Millipore Ibérica, Spain). Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH, 25%) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH > 99%) were obtained from Merck (Barcelona, Spain), and hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%) from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain).
The OA certified solution was acquired from the Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council (NRC), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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10

Synthesis and Characterization of NIPAM-NtBAM Copolymers

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The monomers N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and N-tert-butylacrylamide (NtBAM) were used as acquired by Fluorochem (Derbyshire, UK) and Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA), respectively. Potassium peroxodisulfate (KPS, Fluorochem, Derbyshire, UK), 2-aminoethanethiol hydrochloride (ET HCl, Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA), N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC, Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA) and 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (HOBt, Fluka, NC, USA) were used as received. Dimethylformamide (DMF, Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), hydrochloric acid (HCl, Panreac, IL, USA), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, Panreac, IL, USA), deuterated water (D2O, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were used as obtained by the provider without purification. Ultrapure water was received by an ELGA Medica-R7/15 device (ELGA Labwater, IL, USA).
Sodium alginate (NaALG, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, no. 180947, molecular weight range: 120,000–190,000 g/mol, the ratio of mannuronic and guluronic units (M/G): 1.53) was further purified (a solution of 7% w/v NaALG in NaOH (0.005 M) was repeatedly purified by dialysis against ultrapure water (membrane MWCO: 12,000–14,000 Da), and the final NaALG product was obtained in its solid-state through lyophilization.
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