2 2 azobis 2 methylpropionamide dihydrochloride aaph

The plant material of the Berberis vulgaris L. barberry stem, leaves, and fruits was obtained from the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Botanical Garden in Lublin in September 2020 (Voucher specimen: AO2020091). The raw material was separated and dried at room temperature in the shade with ventilation. The raw material was weighed and ground in an electric mill and portioned, vacuum-packed, and stored in a closed package at −30 °C until the start of the tests. DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), Trolox, gallic acid, 3-caffeoylquinic acid, protocatechuic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, luteolin, eriodictyol-7-glucopyranoside, quercetin, syringaresinol-di-O-glucoside, rutin, hyperoside, luteoloside, isoquercetin, narcissoside, isorhamnetin-3-glucoside, quercitrin naringenin 7-glucoside, afzelin, LC grade acetonitrile, Trolox, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+), Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, and 2,2′-azobis (2-methylpropionamide) dihydrochloride (AAPH) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Stenheim, Germany); ascorbic acid was purchased from Stanlab (Poland); methanol and aluminium chloride hexahydrate of analytical grade were purchased from POCH (Gliwice, Poland).

Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), fluorescein sodium salt, 2,2′-azobis [2 -methylpropionamide] dihydrochloride (AAPH), quercetin dihydrate, 2′-7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) high glucose culture media, penicillin, streptomycin, L-glutamine, trypan blue, trypsin, were from culture grade and also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Fetal bovine serum (FBS), Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (PBS) without Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ and Hank’s balanced salts solution (HBSS) from culture grade were purchased from Euroclone SpA (Milan, Italy). Methanol was purchased from Carlo Erba SpA (Milan, Italy). Water and acetonitrile were obtained from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). A Common Steviol Glycosides Standards Kit (steviolbioside, dulcoside A, stevioside, rebaudioside A, B, and C) was purchased from Chromadex (LGC Standards S.r.L., Milan, Italy). All other chemicals were from analytical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade and purchased from common sources. All solvents and water were accurately degassed before being used in the analyses.