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6 protocols using ep1553y

1

Quantifying Atherosclerosis and Lipid Deposition

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The extent of atherosclerosis was assessed in aortic roots by HE staining, lipid depositions were assessed following Oil Red O staining. To define neutrophil and monocyte/macrophage numbers in atherosclerotic plaques, frozen sections of aortic roots were stained with antibodies to Ly6G (1A8, BD Biosciences) and Mac2 (Cedarlane) with a 1:100 dilution. After incubation with a secondary antibody for 30 min at room temperature, sections were analyzed. Nuclei were counter-stained by 4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindol (DAPI). Liver sections from mice treated with Dil-LDL (Purified human LDL labelled with DiI (1,1′-dioctadecyl- 3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate), Kalen) in presence or absence of HNP1 were stained with anti-LDLR (Abcam, EP1553Y). A Leica DM4000 microscope with a 25/×0.95 water emersion objective (Leica Microsystems) and a Leica DFC 365FX camera were used to capture images. Leica Qwin Imaging software (Leica Ltd.) was employed for image analysis.
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2

Liver Protein Extraction and Western Blotting

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Pig liver was homogenized on ice in RIPA buffer (1% NP-40, 1% Na-deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.01 M NaPO4 pH 8.0, 2 mM EDTA) supplemented with protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma), 1 mM PMSF (Sigma), and 1 mM DTT. The homogenate was centrifuged at 4°C, 10,000×g for 30 minutes, and the supernatant was combined with SDS-PAGE sample buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 2% SDS, 10% glycerol, 100 mM DTT, 0.1% bromophenol blue). The liver lysate samples were heated in boiling water for 5 minutes, cooled on ice, and sonicated with a Sonic Dismembrator (Fisher Scientific). The samples were electrophoresed in a 7.5% SDS-PAGE gel with Tris-Glycine running buffer. Protein was transferred onto a PVDF Immobilon-P Transfer Membrane (Millipore) using XCell II Blot Module (Invitrogen) according to manufacturer's instructions. Immunoblot analysis was performed using primary antibodies against LDLR (EP1553Y, Abcam), β–tubulin (SC-55529, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and secondary antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (SC-2317 and SC-2005, Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Signal was detected using Chemiluminescent Detection Kit (Pierce).
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3

Regulation of EGFR and Cholesterol Pathways

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Antibodies were used against the following: LDLR (Abcam, EP1553Y), SREBP-1 (Abcam, ab28481); phospho-EGFR (Tyr1068), phospho-p44/42MAPK (ERK1⁄2) (Thr202⁄Tyr204), p-Akt (Ser473), and β-actin (Sigma). Reagents used were EGF (recombinant human epidermal growth factor, cyt-217, PROSPEC Corporation, CA), low density lipoprotein (Abcam, LDL ab91115), atorvastatin calcium salt trihydrate (Sigma, PZ0001), osimertinib (Selleck, AZD9291 S7297), gefitinib (AZD1839 S1025), ERK1/2 inhibitor (SCH772984), and AKT1/2/3 inhibitor (MK-2206 2HCL), all were purchased from Selleckchem (Shanghai, China).
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4

Monitoring LDL Receptor Internalization

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U251 cells were plated at 1 x 106 cells per 10 cm dish and cultured in DMEM containing 10% FBS for 1 day. The cells were switched to serum-free medium for 10 h. Compounds were then added and incubation was continued for 16 h. Cells were then pre-treated with 10 μg/ml cycloheximide for 30 min and receptor internalization and degradation were stimulated by addition of FBS (20% v/v). Cells were harvested at 4 h and 8 h after addition of serum. Time-0 samples were harvested just prior to addition of FBS. Cells were washed twice with HBSS and solubilized in SDS sample buffer. Equal amounts of protein (100 μg) were subjected to SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analysis using an antibody against the human LDL receptor (Abcam, EP1553Y; ab52818)
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5

Cochlear Immunohistochemistry in Mice

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Cochleae were dissected from newborn (postnatal day 0, P0), P6, P12, P25 and P90 mice. After rapid decapitation, inner ears were removed and fixed for 2h in 4% formaldehyde. If necessary, tissues were decalcified prior to cryosectioning. Sections were cut parallel to the modiolus (mid-modiolar cut). Tissue sections of the cochlea were incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies directed against LDLR (rabbit monoclonal antibody [EP1553Y]; 1:50; Abcam; ab52818), myosin VIIa (mouse monoclonal antibody; 1:50; Santa Cruz Biotechnology; sc-74516), Kir4.1 (mouse monoclonal antibody; 1:50; Santa Cruz Biotechnology; sc-293252) and VE-cadherin (goat polyclonal antibody; 1:50; R&D Systems; AF938). The anti-LDLR antibody used in this study was found to give a positive signal in western-blot performed with liver extracts of wildtype mice, but not with liver extracts of Ldlr -/ -mice ( Li et al., 2021 ) (link). Tissues were then incubated for 1h with Rhodamine Red X-, Cy5-and/or FITC-conjugated anti-mouse, anti-goat and antirabbit IgGs secondary antibodies (Jackson Immunoresearch Laboratories). F-actin staining was obtained using Phalloidin-iFluor 647 reagent (1:50; Abcam; ab176759). Antibody specificity was tested by omitting each of the primary antibodies. Pictures were representative of three age-matched cochleae, from three different animals.
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6

Western Blot Analysis of LDLR and SR-BI

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U-87 MG, PANC-1 and CAL-33 tumor cells cultured in 2D were harvested, washed with PBS, lysed and their protein content was quantified using Micro BCA™ Protein Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Forty micrograms of protein/cell line were loaded into a 12% polyacrylamide gel. Following migration/ electrophoresis, the proteins were transferred onto an activated PVDF ( polyvinylidene difluoride) membrane (#10600023, Amersham). The membrane was then blocked with 5% milk for 1 h, at RT, and incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C: anti-LDL receptor antibody (1/1000, Abcam [EP1553Y] (ab52818)), anti-scavenging receptor SR-BI antibody (1/2000, Abcam [EPR20190] (ab217318)), and anti-GAPDH antibody (1/1000, SC-365062, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) serving as loading and transfer control. The membrane was then incubated with the secondary antibodies, anti-mouse/rabbit-horseradish peroxidase HRP (1/3000, #7076S, Cell Signaling Technology) for 1 h, at RT. The proteins (LDLR/SR-B1/GAPDH) were finally revealed using Clarity Western ECL Substrate (Bio-Rad), and western blot imaging was performed using Fusion FX (Vilber). LDLR/SR-BI bands intensities were quantified and normalized to GAPDH bands in each cell line, using ImageJ software.
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