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12 protocols using biotin xx phalloidin

1

Fluorescent Cytoskeleton Reconstitution

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Human platelet G-actin (> 99% pure) was purchased from Cytoskeleton, Inc. (Cat # APHL99-A), polymerized at a concentration of 2 μM and stabilized with either 1.33 μM Alexa Fluor 488 phalloidin (Life Technologies, Cat # A12379) and 0.57 μM biotin-xx phalloidin (Life Technologies, Cat # B7474) or 0.57 μM Alexa Fluor 488 phalloidin, 0.57 μM biotin-xx phalloidin, and 0.76 μM unlabeled phalloidin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cat # P3457) in MB (50 mM MOPS pH 7.0, 125 mM KCl, 5 mM EGTA, 5 mM MgCl2, and 1 mM DTT). Microtubules were assembled from 92% bovine brain tubulin [62 (link)], 5% HiLyte 647 porcine brain tubulin (Cytoskeleton Inc., Cat # TL2670M), and 3% biotin-labeled porcine brain tubulin (Cytoskeleton Inc., Cat # T333P) at 50 μM tubulin dimer, and stabilized with 40 μM paclitaxel (Cytoskeleton Inc., Cat # TXD01) in BRB80 (80 mM K-PIPES, 1 mM MgCl2, 1mM EGTA, at pH 6.8).
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2

Imaging Cytometry of Immune Synapse

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Imaging cytometry was performed on a FlowSight (Luminex, Austin, TX, USA) and data were analyzed using IDEAS 6.3 including a machine-learning module (Luminex).
For immune synapse staining HD-derived, isolated T-cells were pre-stimulated with anti-CD2/CD3/CD28-coated beads (Miltenyi Biotec) in the absence/presence of 30 µg/mL CLL-EVs for 48 h at 37 °C, 5% CO2. Raji cells were labeled with CFSE (ThermoFisher Scientific) and loaded with 1 µg/mL SEA and SEB (both Sigma-Aldrich). T-cells and Raji cells were mixed at a ratio of 1:1, CLL-EVs were added at 60 µg/mL, and samples were incubated for 7 min at 37 °C. Samples were fixed with 1.5% PFA and permeabilized with PBS/2%FCS/0.1% Triton-X. They were stained with surface antibodies and Biotin-XX-Phalloidin (ThermoFisher Scientific), as well as Streptavidin-PE/TexasRed (ThermoFisher Scientific). Staining of nuclei was done using either 7-AAD (Biolegend) or Syto13 (ThermoFisher Scientific). Synapse staining of CAR-T-cells was similarly performed using Mec-1 cells as the target instead of Raji with a CD19 surface staining for detection.
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3

Quantifying Protein Expression in Cells

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Cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Carlo Erba, Milan, Italy), permeabilized by 0.5% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) and incubated for 1 h at 4 °C with the following antibodies, at a final concentration of 0.1 mg/mL: anti-AMOT1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. Dallas, TX, USA; sc-166924), anti-YAP (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA) or anti-p-YAP (Cell Signaling Technology). For F-actin detection, cells were stained with Biotin-XX Phalloidin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA; #B7474). After washings, cells were incubated for 30 min at 37 °C with a secondary antibody conjugated with Cy5 (Abcam) or Streptavidin-Cy5 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Cell samples were washed twice in PBS and immediately acquired by a cytometer.
For flow cytometry studies, samples were acquired with a FACScalibur cytometer (BD Biosciences Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) equipped with a 488 nm argon laser and with a 635 nm red diode laser. At least 20,000 events were acquired, recorded and analyzed using CellQuest software (BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA). The expression level of the analyzed proteins by flow cytometry was reported as median fluorescence.
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4

Quantitative FRET analysis of HPV16E7 mutants

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We applied quantitative FRET analysis by flow cytometry to C33A cells transiently transfected with HPV16E7wt or HPV16E7-mutant constructs. FRET analysis was restricted to cells positive to FL-1 (corresponding to pAmCyan1-C1 fluorescence emission). Cells were fixed, permeabilized and labeled as previously reported [24 (link)]. For FRET analyses, we used: anti-AMOT1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), anti-p-YAP, anti-PTPN14 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA; MA5-31871), HPVE16-E7 polyclonal antibody (Bioss Antibodies, Woburn, MA, USA; bs-10446R) and Biotin-XX Phalloidin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), PE-labeled anti-mouse (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA), and Cy5-labeled anti-rabbit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). AMOT1 protein was detected in the FL2 channel (PE, donor), p-YAP and F-actin in FL4 (Cy5, acceptor), and FRET in FL3 channel.
Quantification of protein−protein interaction was obtained by calculating FRET efficiency (FE) by using the following Riemann algorithm [25 (link)]:
FE = (FL3DA − FL2DA/a − FL4DA/b)/FL3DA in which A is the acceptor and D the donor and where a = FL2D/FL3D and b = FL4A/FL3A.
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5

Immunoblot Analysis of Histone Modifications and Cytoskeletal Proteins

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Mammalian Cell Lysis buffer (Sigma Aldrich) was used for C2C12 cells and COS7 cells. Immunoblot analysis were prepared as previously described15 (link). The following antibodies were used: anti-Histone H3 (1:10,000 dilution; ab1791, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), anti-Histone H3 acetyl K9 (1:2,000 dilution; ab4441, Abcam), anti-SIRT1 (1:1000 dilution; ab110304, Abcam), anti-CTTN (1:200 dilution, H-191, Santa Cruz Biotech, Texas, USA), anti-acetylated CTTN (1:50 dilution, 09-881, Millipore, Massachusetts, USA), anti-GFP (1:2,000 dilution, ab13970, Abcam), Anti-DYKDDDDK tag (Flag; 1:10,000 dilution, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemicals), anti-GAPDH (1:2000 dilution; MAB374, Sigma Aldrich), anti-β-Actin (1:10,000 dilution; 281-98721, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemicals) and anti-Vinculin antibody (1:10,000 dilution; V9131, Sigma-Aldrich). Following antibody was used for immunoprecipitation; anti-Flag antibody-conjugated beads (50 μl for each sample, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemicals). The immunoprecipitates were washed three times with TBST and analyzed by immunoblotting. For phalloidin pull-down, the lysate was incubated overnight at 4 °C with 5 units of Biotin-XX Phalloidin (B7474, Thermo Fisher Scientific), then incubated with 500 µg of Dynabeads M-280 Streptavidin (11205D, Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 1 h and washed three times with TBST. The pull-downs were analyzed by immunoblotting.
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6

Biochemical Analysis of α-Synuclein, F-Actin, and α-Spectrin Interactions

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To assess α-synuclein, F-actin, and α-spectrin interactions biochemically, F-actin precipitation was performed as previously described in Fulga et al. (2007) (link). Briefly, 10 fly heads were homogenized in F-actin stabilizing buffer (Cytoskeleton Inc.) and centrifuged at 800xg to pellet debris. The supernatant was incubated with 0.3 units biotinylated-phalloidin (Biotin-XX Phalloidin, Life technologies) with rotation for 1 hour at room temperature. Streptavidin-coated magnetic beads (Invitrogen) were blocked for 30 minutes in homogenization buffer, washed and resuspended in homogenization buffer. To isolate biotinylated phalloidin-bound protein complexes, streptavidin-coated beads were added to the extracts and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with rotation. The precipitated material was then washed five times with homogenization buffer, resuspended in SDS loading buffer and subject to immunoblotting. The concentrations of primary and secondary antibody were as described below.
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7

Quantum Dot Labeling of Actin Filaments

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QD samples were prepared by dispersing a 4 μL drop of QDs suspended in water (525 nm emitting nanocrystals provided by QD Vision) on a microscope slide. A drop of UV-curing adhesive (Norland Products NOA 74) was placed on the dried QDs, a coverslip placed on top, and the sample cured by exposure to a UV source.
HeLa cells on a glass coverslip were fixed at room temperature using 4% paraformaldehyde (Electron Microscopy Sciences 15742-10) for 10 min, permeablized for 2 × 15 min using 0.25% Triton X-100 (Sigma Aldrich 93427) in phosphate-buffered saline, and then treated with an endogenous biotin blocker (Life Technologies E21390). This was followed by treatment with Biotin-XX Phalloidin (Life Technologies B7474) for 20 min, then a 605-nm-emission QD-streptavidin conjugate (Life Technologies Q10151MP) before sealing with a coverslip using Mount Quick medium (Electron Microscopy Sciences 18000).
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8

Fluorescent Nanoparticle Imaging Protocol

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Sylgard 184 PDMS base and curing agent were from Dow Corning (Midland, MI). Quantum dot 585 streptavidin conjugate (Qdot), rhodamine-phalloidin (Rh-ph), biotin-XX-phalloidin, and phalloidin were obtained from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY). Glucose oxidase was purchased from MP Biomedicals (Santa Ana, CA). Biotin free bovine serum albumin (BSA, cat # A3059) and catalase were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich or Affymetrix (Cleveland, OH).
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9

Quantum Dot Labeling of HeLa Cells

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QD samples were prepared by dispersing a 4 μL drop of QDs suspended in water (525 nm emitting nanocrystals provided by QD Vision) on a microscope slide. A drop of UV-curing adhesive (Norland Products NOA 74) was placed on the dried QDs, a coverslip placed on top, and the sample cured by exposure to a UV source.
HeLa cells on a glass coverslip were fixed at room temperature using 4% paraformaldehyde (Electron Microscopy Sciences 15742-10) for 10 min, permeablized for 2 × 15 min using 0.25% Triton X-100 (Sigma Aldrich 93427) in phosphate-buffered saline, and then treated with an endogenous biotin blocker (Life Technologies E21390). This was followed by treatment with Biotin-XX Phalloidin (Life Technologies B7474) for 20 min, then a 605-nm-emission QD-streptavidin conjugate (Life Technologies Q10151MP) before sealing with a coverslip using Mount Quick medium (Electron Microscopy Sciences 18000).
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10

Fluorescent Protein Labeling Techniques

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Quantum dot 585 streptavidin conjugate (Qdot), rhodamine-phalloidin, biotin-XX-phalloidin, phalloidin, and 10% Tris-Glycine Mini Gels were obtained from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY). Glucose oxidase was purchased from MP Biomedicals (Santa Ana, CA). Biotin free bovine serum albumin (BSA, cat # A3059) and catalase were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich or Affymetrix (Cleveland, OH). Protein concentrations were measured using the Bradford assay (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA).
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