Jsm 5600lv

The stoichiometry of the ZnCe_xFe_2−xO₄ (X = 0.0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08) samples was examined using energy dispersive X-ray spectra (EDX) (JEOL JSM-5600 LV, Japan). In order to confirm the formation of the spinel ferrite phase, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy using a NICOLET iS10 model instrument was conducted over a range from 350 to 3000 cm⁻¹. The crystal structure of the samples was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Shimadzu XRD-6000, Japan). XRD patterns were obtained in a range of 2θ from 17° to 90° at room temperature. Cu Kα was used as the radiation source of wavelength λ = 0.15408 nm, with a scan rate of 0.8°/min, an operating voltage of 50 kV, and a current of 40 mA [139 (link),140 (link)]. Information about the shape and grain size of the sample particles was obtained using high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (JEOL JSM-5600 LV, Japan). Finally, the particle size distribution, the hydrodynamic radius, and the polydispersity index (PDI) of the synthesised ZnCe_xFe_2−xO₄ (X = 0.0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08) samples were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS; Malvern devise, UK) and the indirect measurement of the surface charges of ZnCe_xFe_2−xO₄ (X = 0.0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08) samples was estimated by the zeta potential analyser (Malvern devise, UK) at the culture media as used in the treatments.

The stoichiometry of the synthesized nano-samples was examined using energy dispersive X-ray spectra (EDX), JEOL JSM-5600 LV, Japan. The crystal structure of the samples was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Shimadzu XRD-6000, Japan). XRD patterns were obtained in a range of 2θ from 17° to 90° at room temperature. Cu Kα was used as the radiation source of wavelength λ = 0.15408 nm, with a scan rate of 0.8°/min, an operating voltage of 50 kV, and a current of 40 mA. Information about the shape and grain size of the sample particles were obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (JEOL JSM-5600 LV, Tokyo, Japan). The shape and size of the synthesized samples were obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JOEL JEM-1400, Tokyo, Japan) at 80 kV accelerating voltage. Finally, particle size distribution, the hydrodynamic radius, and polydispersity index (PDI) of the synthesized samples was determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS; Malvern Panalytical, Malvern, UK).

The Fe, Zn, Mg, and Mn source materials were obtained from Sigma Aldrich. These materials include Fe (NO₃)₃·9H₂O (98.0%), ZnSO₄·7H₂O (98%), Mg (NO₃)₂·6H₂O, and Mn (NO₃)₂·4H₂O (99%). They were used without any additional purification. Moreover, citric acid (C₆H₈O₇, 99.57%) was employed as a fuel source. Our prior study described the C-coated ZrO₂/Mn-Mg-Zn ferrites (CZ-FN) preparation method in detail [7 (link)]. A scanning electron microscope [SEM, (JEOL JSM-5600 LV, Japan)] was also used to create surface images of CZ-FN nanocomposite at variable vacuum without any coating at 12 kV accelerating voltage with a back-scatter detector that offered a clear insight into the morphology of the CZ-FN nanocomposite surface. The elemental composition and mapping images were obtained using the energy-dispersive X-ray analysis spectra (EDX, JEOL JSM-5600 LV, Japan). The functional groups in the CZ-FN nanocomposite were identified using Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy (NICOLET iS10 model equipment).

The cross section of the composite membrane was confirmed using SEM analyses (JEOL JSM-5600LV, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). The IR measurements were performed using an FTIR spectrometer (VERTEX 70, BRUKER, Billerica, MA, USA); 16 scans were signal averaged with a resolution of 4 cm⁻¹. The thermal stability of the membranes was measured using TGA (Universal V4.5 A, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA).

Results from both methods were analyzed statistically using nonparametric tests; comparison between the leakage results according to the different additional cleaning protocols was made with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whithney U tests. The level of significance was set at 0.05.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation. Limited information exists regarding the morphologic changes following Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation in root canals after irrigation with both NaOCl and EDTA. In order to visualize the effect of the cleaning protocol on the root canal walls, SEM analysis was performed on all experimental groups. Three additional teeth from each experimental group were analyzed by SEM [25 (link)]. Using small rotating discs, deep grooves were cut on the buccal and palatal surfaces without perforating the root canal. The roots were then split with a sharp chisel and a hammer. Care was taken to include the apical foramen in the fracture line. The samples were then dehydrated in ascending series of aqueous ethanol, critically point dried with liquid CO₂, sputter coated with gold (JEOL JFC1200, JEOL LTD, Japan), and examined under the scanning electron microscope (JEOL JSM-5600-LV, JEOL LTD, Japan).
Representative microphotographs were taken by an independent blind investigator at 2000x magnification at 1, 3, 6, 8, and 12 mm from the apical extent of the preparation.

The proper assessment of the existence, the quality and topography of the BFF used the following imaging techniques: OCT, SEM and FTIR. The OCT measurements were performed by an OCTG-1300 Handheld Scanner (THORLABS GmbH, Luebeck, Germany) equipped with an OCTH-LK30 lens kit (THORLABS GmbH, Luebeck, Germany). The images were further processed using Adobe Photoshop to emphasize the biofilm by coloring in a different shade for each strain.
The SEM images were obtained using a JEOL/JSM 5600-LV (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). For this technique samples were washed with absolute ethanol and were further carbon layered with plasma sputtering equipment.
In order to record the FTIR spectra of the bacterial biofilms formed on the surface of the PLA printed plates, a Spectrum BX FTIR spectrometer (PerkinElmer, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) provided with an Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR PIKE MIRacleTM, Madison, WI, USA) with a diamond crystal plate was used. The resolution was 4 cm⁻¹ in the range of 4000–800 cm⁻¹. For this characterization step, no sample preparation was necessary. Using the attenuated total reflection (ATR) accessory alongside the traditional infrared spectroscopy allowed for a direct visualization of the characteristic spectra of the biofilms.