Von frey filament

Manufactured by North Coast Medical

Sourced in United States

Von Frey filaments are a set of calibrated nylon monofilaments used to assess tactile sensitivity and mechanical pain thresholds. They provide a standardized method for quantifying sensory perception.

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Lab products found in correlation

Tes7370, by Ugo Basile (3 mentions) Model 390, by IITC Life Science (2 mentions) Complete freund adjuvant (cfa), by Merck Group (2 mentions) Origin v6, by Malvern Panalytical (1 mentions) Plantar test device, by Ugo Basile (1 mentions) Wire mesh floor, by IITC Life Science (1 mentions) Female c57bl 6 mice, by Jackson ImmunoResearch (1 mentions) Tsa 2, by Medoc (1 mentions) Complete freund s adjuvant cfa, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Incomplete freund s adjuvant ifa, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Thickness gauge, by Mitutoyo (1 mentions) Complete freund s adjuvant cfa, by BD (1 mentions) Radiant heat, by Ugo Basile (1 mentions) C57bl 6 mice, by Jackson ImmunoResearch (1 mentions) Hargreaves apparatus, by Stoelting (1 mentions) Nc12775 99, by North Coast Medical (1 mentions) Metal mesh platform, by Ugo Basile (1 mentions) Male c57bl 6 mice, by Taconic Biosciences (1 mentions) Touch test sensory evaluator, by North Coast Medical (1 mentions)

160 protocols using von frey filament

Measuring Tactile and Thermal Sensitivity in Mice

Cited 2 times

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Mechanical sensitivity was measured by counting the number of withdrawal responses to 10 applications of von Frey filaments (North Coast Medical, Inc, Gilroy, CA; 0.02, 0.08, 0.32 and 1.28 g von Frey filaments) to both hindpaws as described (Samineni et al., 2017b (link)). Each mouse was allowed at least 15 s between each application and at least 5 min between each size filament. Animals were acclimated to individual boxes on a plastic screen mesh for at least 1 hr before testing. The Hargreaves test was performed to evaluate heat sensitivity thresholds as previously described (Samineni et al., 2017a (link)). Briefly, we measured latency of withdrawal to a radiant heat source (IITC Life Science, Model 390). We applied the radiant heat source to both hindpaws and measured the latency to evoke a withdrawal. Three replicates were acquired per hindpaw per mouse and values for both paws were averaged.

Samineni V.K., Grajales-Reyes J.G., Grajales-Reyes G.E., Tycksen E., Copits B.A., Pedersen C., Ankudey E.S., Sackey J.N., Sewell S.B., Bruchas M.R, & Gereau R.W. (2021). Cellular, circuit and transcriptional framework for modulation of itch in the central amygdala. eLife, 10, e68130.

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Quantifying Mechanical Allodynia in Animals

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Mechanical allodynia was estimated by determining the hind limb withdrawal responses after its stimulation with the von Frey filaments, for which the flexion forces were between 0.4 g to 3.0 g. Animals were sited in Plexiglas cylinders (25 cm × 10 cm) on a platform of a wire grid where the von Frey filaments (North Coast Medical, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA) were applied. The test began with the 0.4 g filament, and the strength of the next filaments enhanced or diminished depending on whether the animal removed, licked, or shook the paw or not. The hind limb withdrawal response was evaluated by applying an Excel program (Microsoft Iberia SRL, Barcelona, Spain), using the data sequence of five applications of filaments.

Coral-Pérez S., Martínez-Martel I., Martínez-Serrat M., Batallé G., Bai X., Leite-Panissi C.R, & Pol O. (2022). Treatment with Hydrogen-Rich Water Improves the Nociceptive and Anxio-Depressive-like Behaviors Associated with Chronic Inflammatory Pain in Mice. Antioxidants, 11(11), 2153.

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Mechanical Allodynia Assessment in Neuropathic Pain Model

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Following 15 or 20 min of habituation to the testing environment, von Frey filaments were used to determine baseline paw withdrawal responses as previously described.^{37 (link)} Mice were unrestrained and were singly placed under an inverted wire mesh basket to allow for unrestricted air flow, and the mechanical allodynia was assessed with von Frey filaments (North Coast Medical, Morgan Hill, CA) applied randomly to the left and right plantar surfaces of the hind paw. Lifting, licking, or shaking the paw in response to three stimulations was coded as a positive response. Basal von Frey paw withdrawal responses were assessed prior to CCI or sham surgery (pre-sx) and again on postsurgery day 7 prior to drug administration (post-sx). Following the assessment of von Frey thresholds on day 7, CCI and sham mice were assigned to different treatment groups and were given a singular i.p. injection of vehicle or (±)-1 (40 mg/kg). Each mouse was tested for paw withdrawal thresholds 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h after the injections.

Tseng C.C., Baillie G., Donvito G., Mustafa M.A., Juola S.E., Zanato C., Massarenti C., Dall’Angelo S., Harrison W.T., Lichtman A.H., Ross R.A., Zanda M, & Greig I.R. (2019). The Trifluoromethyl Group as a Bioisosteric Replacement of the Aliphatic Nitro Group in CB1 Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulators. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 62(10), 5049-5062.

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Assessing Mechanical and Thermal Nociception in Rats

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The rats were placed in an acrylic box on a mesh floor 50 cm above the table to test for mechanical hyperalgesia. After 5 min of acclimation, von Frey filaments (North Coast Medical, United States) were used to stimulate the plantar surface of one hindpaw. Mechanical threshold was defined as the von Frey filament that evoked paw withdrawal reflex in three out of five applications (Hsieh et al., 2018 (link)).
For thermal latency, the rats were habituated to the glass surface for 5 min and the time for withdrawal from a heat stimulus directed at the plantar surface of the hind paw was recorded. The heat stimulus was elicited using a plantar analgesia tester (Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAMS, China). The mean of three measures was designated as thermal latency (Gong et al., 2016 (link)).

Wen W., Gong X., Cheung H., Yang Y., Cai M., Zheng J., Tong X, & Zhang M. (2021). Dexmedetomidine Alleviates Microglia-Induced Spinal Inflammation and Hyperalgesia in Neonatal Rats by Systemic Lipopolysaccharide Exposure. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 15, 725267.

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Assessing Mechanical Sensitivity in Rats

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On days when mechanical sensitivity was assessed, testing was conducted approximately 1 h after conclusion of the operant behavioral session on that day. Rats were first placed on an elevated mesh galvanized steel platform in individual chambers with a hinged lid and allowed to acclimate for at least 20 mins before exposure to the mechanical stimuli. Subsequently, von Frey filaments (ranging from 0.4 to 15.0g and increasing in ~0.25 log increments; North Coast Medical, Morgan Hill, CA) were applied to the plantar surface of each paw, and the threshold stimulus to elicit paw withdrawal was determined in log grams using the “up-down” method as previously described (Chaplan et al., 1994 ; Leitl et al., 2014b (link)). On each test day, data were averaged across paws within each rat and then across rats. Changes in threshold over time were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, with paclitaxel dose and treatment day as the two factors, and a significant ANOVA was followed by the Holm-Sidak post-hoc test. Additionally, mechanical sensitivity data were correlated to ICSS data for all rats using results from the last day of the study (Day 29).

Legakis L., Bigbee J, & Negus S. (2018). Lack of Paclitaxel Effects on Intracranial Self-Stimulation in Male and Female Rats: Comparison to Mechanical Sensitivity. Behavioural pharmacology, 29(2-), 290-298.

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Measuring Mechanical Hyperalgesia in Rats

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Mechanical hyperalgesia in rats was measured by the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) as described by Chaplan et al. [32 (link)]. The rats were placed in a clear plastic cage with a metal mesh bottom and allowed to acclimate for 30 min. The rats were stimulated at the lateral border of the left hind paw with von Frey filaments of varying forces (0.6, 1, 1.4, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 15 g) (North Coast Medical, Morgan Hill, CA, USA). The filaments were bent into an S shape for 5–8 s, and contraction responses, including foot lift and lameness, were observed. We performed three measurements on each rat and recorded the average of the three measurements as the final PWT.

Deng Y., Yang L., Xie Q., Yang F., Li G., Zhang G., Li S., Wu Z., Wang J, & Kang X. (2020). Protein Kinase A Is Involved in Neuropathic Pain by Activating the p38MAPK Pathway to Mediate Spinal Cord Cell Apoptosis. Mediators of Inflammation, 2020, 6420425.

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Mechanical Nociception Threshold Evaluation

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Mechanical nociception was assessed using von Frey filaments (North Coast Medical Inc, Gilroy, CA) to determine paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) as described [36 (link), 37 (link)]. In brief, mice were stimulated on both hind paws using a series of von Frey filaments ranging in force from 0.008g to 2g, starting with the 0.008g filament. Positive responses were scored as paw withdrawal occurring two or more times in response to ten successive stimulations. In the event of negative responses, mice were then stimulated with monofilaments of stepwise increasing force. The monofilament that first evoked a positive response was designated the threshold (in grams) and no further monofilaments were applied.

Huang L., Ou R., Rabelo de Souza G., Cunha T.M., Lemos H., Mohamed E., Li L., Pacholczyk G., Randall J., Munn D.H, & Mellor A.L. (2016). Virus Infections Incite Pain Hypersensitivity by Inducing Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase. PLoS Pathogens, 12(5), e1005615.

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Mechanical Sensitivity Assessment in Mice

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All behavioral testing occurred between 8 am and 3pm. von Frey filaments (North Coast Medical, San Jose, CA;[17 (link)]) were used to evaluate hind paw mechanical sensitivity. As previously described[16 (link)], mechanical testing consisted of applying von Frey filaments to the left and right hind paws until bent at approximately 30 degrees for no longer than 2 sec. If the animal removed its paw before this time, it was recorded as a withdrawal. Each filament, beginning with the smallest force filament and increasing in force thereafter, was applied five times. The mechanical threshold was determined as the smallest filament that evoked a withdrawal response in at least three of the five trials. Three to five baseline withdrawal thresholds were averaged for each hind paw. One day following baseline testing, mice were again habituated in Plexiglas enclosures. After two hr, mice were subjected to restraint stress (or control, as described above), allowed to groom for 15 min, and then injected with formalin (as described above). Mechanical sensitivity was measured 120 and 180 min following formalin in both the formalin-injected paw and the contralateral (uninjected) paw.

Long C.C., Sadler K.E, & Kolber B.J. (2016). Hormonal and molecular effects of restraint stress on formalin-induced pain-like behavior in male and female mice. Physiology & behavior, 165, 278-285.

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Mechanical and Thermal Pain Thresholds in Rats

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Mechanical and thermal pain thresholds were measured in a quiet room between 09:00 and 11:00. Rats were allowed to acclimatize to surroundings for 2 h in a set of Plexiglas^TM cages with wire mesh floor. Von Frey filaments (North Coast Medical, Gilroy, CA, United States) of increasing stiffness were applied to six sites distributed across the plantar surface of the rat hindpaw until the filaments bent slightly. A positive withdrawal was scored if rat showed a brisk withdrawal. Eight von Frey monofilaments (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 g) were used in testing. Pain threshold was defined as the force corresponding to a 50% withdrawal, and was determined by a Hill equation linear fitting [Origin v6.0 (MicroCal, Studio City, CA, United States)] (Xiang et al., 2008 (link)). Thermal threshold was undertaken in individual cages with a transparent acrylic floor. After acclimatization, the heating device was placed under the hindpaw at certain heat intensity and a cut-off time of 30 s to avoid tissue damage. The withdrawal latency of the hindpaw was detected thrice for each rat at an interval of 5 min, and the mean value was taken as the thermal threshold.

Kong E., Wang H., Wang X., Zhang Y., Zhang J., Yu W., Feng X., Sun Y, & Wu F. (2021). Bilirubin Induces Pain Desensitization in Cholestasis by Activating 5-Hydroxytryptamine 3A Receptor in Spinal Cord. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 9, 605855.

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Mechanical Nociceptive Threshold Assessment

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Rats were acclimated to the experimental room for 1hr and then habituated for an additional 10 mins to the testing chambers prior to beginning each testing session. As previously described (Chaplan et al., 1994 (link), Chaplan et al., 1997 (link)), paw mechanical thresholds were determined by using the Dixon up-down method using von Frey filaments (North Coast Medical, Morgan Hill, CA). More details on von Frey was previously described (Ghoreishi-Haack et al., 2018 ). Any rat with paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) above 5 g at the baseline evaluation post CCI was excluded from the study (approximately 10%-15%).

Morrison G., Asiedu M.N., Priebe J.M., Dunning J., Ghoreishi-Haack N., Kroes R.A., Bowers M.S., Barth A.L., Cearley C.N, & Moskal J.R. (2019). The NMDAR modulator NYX-2925 alleviates neuropathic pain via a Src-dependent mechanism in the mPFC. Neurobiology of Pain, 7, 100039.

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