Moisture, protein, fat, crude fiber, ash, and total solid contents were determined in the freshly prepared beverages' samples according to the methods of AOAC (1995) . Total soluble solids (TSS) and acidity were determined using a hand refractometer (ATAGO, Japan) and expressed as Brix value. Acidity was measured according to the method of AOAC (1995) and expressed as percentage of citric acid. Brix/acid ratio was calculated by dividing the total soluble solids on the total acidity value for each sample. The pH value was measured using Hanna pH-meter HI 9021 m, Germany. Viscosity was measured using Brookfield model LV rotary viscometer (USA) at room temperature and expressed as centipoises (cP) unit as described by Ibarz et al. (1994) .
Hand refractometer
Manufactured by Atago
Sourced in Japan, United States
The Hand Refractometer is a portable optical instrument used to measure the refractive index of a liquid sample. It provides a quick and accurate way to determine the concentration of a solution.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Ph meter, by Hanna Instruments (2 mentions)
Turbidimeter, by Hanna Instruments (2 mentions)
Hanna phep tester, by Hanna Instruments (2 mentions)
Ldo101, by HACH (2 mentions)
1000 series squirrel data logger, by Grant Instruments (1 mentions)
Polar ft1 heart rate monitor, by Polar Electro (1 mentions)
Analytical scale, by Mettler Toledo (1 mentions)
Uvmini 1240, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Hanna hi 8424, by Hanna Instruments (1 mentions)
Gmk 835f perfect, by Atago (1 mentions)
Electronic balance, by Mettler Toledo (1 mentions)
30 protocols using hand refractometer
1
Physicochemical Analysis of Beverages
2
Hydration Status and Thermoregulatory Responses
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Participants were asked to attend the laboratory in a euhydrated state, which was confirmed via a urine sample with a urine colour (U col ) of ≤3, osmolarity (U osm ) of <700mOsm.kgH₂ O -1 (Pocket Pal-Osmo, Vitech Scientific, Ltd), and urine specific gravity (U spg ) of <1.020 (hand refractometer, Atago Co., Tokyo, Japan) (Sawka et al. 2007 (link)).
Nude body mass was recorded prior to and post each trial (Adam GFK 150 Body Scales, Connecticut, USA, accurate to 0.01kg). Weight whilst clothed was also recorded after the resting period in both trials to allow for metabolic heat production calculation. A Henley single use rectal temperature probe (449H, Henleys Medical, Hertfordshire, UK) was positioned 10cm past the anal sphincter, and displayed on logging monitors (YSI, 4600 series, YSI, Hampshire, UK) to measure rectal temperature (T re ). Contact skin thermistors were attached to the mid-belly of the pectoralis major, biceps brachii, rectus femoris, and gastrocnemius, and recorded via a 1000 series Squirrel Data Logger (Grant Instruments, Cambridgeshire, UK) for the measurement of mean skin temperature (T skin ). A Polar FT1 heart rate monitor (Polar electro, Kempele, Finald) was also positioned to give heart rate (HR) readings. Temperature and HR measures were recorded at the end of the resting period, and every 5min throughout the exercise period.
Nude body mass was recorded prior to and post each trial (Adam GFK 150 Body Scales, Connecticut, USA, accurate to 0.01kg). Weight whilst clothed was also recorded after the resting period in both trials to allow for metabolic heat production calculation. A Henley single use rectal temperature probe (449H, Henleys Medical, Hertfordshire, UK) was positioned 10cm past the anal sphincter, and displayed on logging monitors (YSI, 4600 series, YSI, Hampshire, UK) to measure rectal temperature (T re ). Contact skin thermistors were attached to the mid-belly of the pectoralis major, biceps brachii, rectus femoris, and gastrocnemius, and recorded via a 1000 series Squirrel Data Logger (Grant Instruments, Cambridgeshire, UK) for the measurement of mean skin temperature (T skin ). A Polar FT1 heart rate monitor (Polar electro, Kempele, Finald) was also positioned to give heart rate (HR) readings. Temperature and HR measures were recorded at the end of the resting period, and every 5min throughout the exercise period.
3
Hydration Monitoring in Occupational Exercises
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Testing occurred for FSI at their respective training centres. A medical room or portable cabin was used as a base field laboratory to attach instruments to participants and collect baseline measures. Participants completed training exercises as per their normal job, with exercises forming part of a taught course. Female participants were monitored during exercises when they were in the early follicular stage of their menstrual cycle as ascertained via a self-reported menstrual cycle questionnaire. [26] At the beginning of the day, prior to the first exercise, hydration status was checked via a urine sample, with euhydration confirmed as a urine colour (Ucol) of ≤3, osmolarity (Uosm) of <700mOsm.kgH₂O -1 (Pocket Pal-Osmo, Vitech Scientific Ltd, Horsham, West Sussex, UK), and urine specific gravity (Uspg) of <1.020 (Hand Refractometer, Atago Co., Tokyo, Japan). [27] Hydration status was also reassessed prior to their afternoon exercise. See Figure 1 for a schematic of the experimental monitoring.
4
Pollinator Dynamics of Dyckia Species
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We recorded the frequency and identity of the pollinators (numbers of visits per 15 min periods along the flowering season for exposed plants; totals of 17 and 11 h of observations for Dyckia floribunda and D. longipetala, respectively), the number and species (or morphospecies) of ants on the spikes, and the floral nectar standing crop as an indirect indicator of pollinator visits. Nectar standing crop was measured using graduated capillaries (Drummond Scientific Co., Broomall, PA, USA) and a hand-refractometer (Atago Co., Tokyo, Japan). We occasionally performed observations of animals in the field consuming plant reproductive organs; the vegetative organs of these species are not consumed because the leaves are spiny and present a very thick cuticle.
5
Pond Water Quality Monitoring
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Water quality parameters of ponds like temperature, salinity, transparency, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, pH, total alkalinity and ammonia were measured between 9.00-10.00 am after 10-day intervals. Salinity of water was measured using a portable refractometer (ATAGO, Hand Refractometer). Surface water temperature was determined in situ using a standard centigrade thermometer. Transparency was recorded using Secchi disc. Dissolved oxygen was determined using a portable DO meter (YSI 58 digital DO meter, HANNA, Yellow Springs, Ohio 45387 USA). pH of water was recorded using pH meter (HANNA, USA). Total alkalinity was measured by titrimetric method (APHA, 2000) . Ammonia nitrogen was measured using ammonia test kit (Biosol, A.A. Biotech PVT Ltd., Fishtech BD Ltd).
6
Physicochemical Characterization of Fresh-cut Mango
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The percentage of total soluble solid percentage from fresh-cut mango (TSS %) was measured by a hand refractometer (ATAGO CO., LTD., Japan). Total acidity percentage was determined in fruit juice (AOAC 2005 ), where 5 ml from the obtained juice was used to determine titratable acidity percentage. It was expressed as grams of citric acid/100 ml fruit juice, then TSS/acid ratio was calculated. By the method of Nelson arsenate–molybdate colorimetric method (Nielsen 2010 ), total and reducing sugars were estimated calorimetrically. The difference between total sugars and reducing sugars is non-reducing sugar percentage. By the titration with 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (Nielsen 2017 ), juice content from vitamin C (ascorbic acid) was determined, while fruit carotene content was assessed as the method cited by Aquino et al. (2018 (link)).
7
Heat Adaptation Maintenance Assessment
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Participants completed two trials separated by a 2 month period, to capture the maintenance of any heat adaptations. Each trial consisted of completion of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) (Craig et al. 2003) (link), assessment of body composition, blood sample collection, and a heat occupational tolerance test (HOTT) (Watkins et al. 2018a ). Both sessions were completed at the same time of day to control for circadian rhythms. Participants were required to attend the laboratories in a euhydrated state, as confirmed by a urine colour (Ucol) of ≤ 3, osmolarity (Uosm) of < 700 mOsm.kgH2O -1 (Pocket Pal-Osmo, Witech Scientific) and specific gravity (Uspg) of < 1.020 (hand refractometer, Atago Co., Japan) (Sawka et al. 2007 (link)).
8
Fruit Quality Assessment Protocol
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At the time of picking up, the sample of six fruits from every tree was picked up by random way to assess the fruit weight (g), tallness, diameter, volume. Fruit firmness was determined by using Magness and Taylor pressure tester (mod. FT 327 (3–27 Ibs. Made in Italy). Total soluble solids (TSS) percent was measured by using a hand refractometer (ATAGO Co. LTD., Tokyo, Japan). Total and reducing sugars were determined by Nelson arsenate—molybdate colorimetric method52 . Non-reducing sugars were by the difference between total sugars and reducing sugars. Fruit Titratable acidity percent was determined by AOAC method53 , where it was expressed as citric acid in g/100 ml fruit juice. TSS/acid ratio was counted. Vitamin C mg/100 mg juice was by titration with 2,6 dichloro phenol-indo-phenol54 and calculated as mg/100 mL of juice. Anthocyanin content was determined55 (link).
9
Turbidimetric and Refractometric Analysis
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The suspended solids measurement was performed by using a turbidimeter (Hanna Instruments Inc., USA) at 20 °C. Results were expressed as Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU). On the other hand, the soluble solids content was determined at 20 °C by using a hand refractometer (Atago Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) with a scale range of 0–32 °Brix. Results were expressed as °Brix.
10
Nutritional Characterization of Hackberry Fruit
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Nutritional properties of the hackberry fruit mesocarp and seeds were determined according to the AOAC International reference methods (AOAC Official Method, 1997 ). Soluble solids were measured using a hand refractometer (Atago, Tokyo, Japan). The reducing sugars were determined using the Luff‐Schoorl method (Alexander et al. 1985 ). Total, soluble, and insoluble fibers were determined according to the modified enzymatic–gravimetric method of Prosky, using Total Dietary Fiber kit (Merck, Germany). The analysis was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The soluble and insoluble dietary fiber residues minus the ash and crude protein in the residues were taken as the respective dietary fiber fraction. The total dietary fiber was calculated as the sum of the soluble and insoluble dietary fiber.
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