The performance of the catalyst for the water–gasWGSR was evaluated in a continuously operated gas phase fixed-bed reactor (for details, see the Supporting Information). An equimolar mixture of CO and H2O was evaporated and fed to the reactor. Typically, this mixture consisted of pCO=${p_{{\rm{H}}_2 {\rm{O}}} }$ =0.5 bar and 4 bar of the inert gas N2 (e.g., V =107.1 mLN min−1, VCO=13.3 mLN min−1, and ${V_{{\rm{H}}_2 {\rm{O}}} }$ =13.3 mLN min−1). At the reactor outlet, unconverted H2O was condensed and the product gas was analyzed by using GC (Varian CP 4900). Catalytic activities were given as TOFs, which was the total molar flow of CO2 divided by the total molar amount of Pt in the reactor (typically nPt=1×10−4 mol). The mass balance was closed by the quantification of the inert gas N2, H2, and remaining CO. During all experiments, no CH4 was detected.
Cp 4900
Manufactured by Agilent Technologies
The CP-4900 is a compact gas chromatograph (GC) system designed for fast analysis of complex gas samples. It features a micro-machined silicon chip as the separation column, enabling rapid and efficient separation of analytes. The CP-4900 is capable of providing accurate and reliable results for a wide range of applications.
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Lab products found in correlation
7 protocols using cp 4900
1
Catalytic Performance Evaluation for WGSR
2
Catalytic Methanol Steam Reforming
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The catalytic activity of the prepared catalysts was demonstrated for methanol steam reforming using a tubular reactor under atmospheric pressure. A 0.2 g of each catalyst was packed in a tubular quartz cell and sandwiched with quartz wool on both sides then placed inside the furnace. Prior to the experiments, the catalyst was reduced in 10% H2 balanced with N2 at 350 °C with a flow rate of 40 mL min−1 for 3 h. After the reduction was completed, the temperature was maintained at 200 °C under N2 flow. A mixture of methanol and steam (steam/carbon ratio = 2) was injected to a pre-heater at 150 °C to generate a gas feed stock using syringe pump with an injection rate of 100 mL min−1. After that, the gas feed stock was introduced through the reactor by N2 carrier gas with a flow rate of 100 mL min−1. The reaction temperature was held in a range of 200–375 °C. The derived gaseous products in the supplied and reformed gases after experiment were collected at 3 °C using a condenser. The gas compositions were analyzed by online gas chromatography (GC) equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (VARIAN, CP-4900). A Poraplot U column was used to separate methanol, and CO2. A capillary molecular sieve 5 Å column was applied for H2, O2, N2, CH4, and CO separations. The catalytic activity was evaluated by the H2 production rate.
3
Metabolite Analysis by HPLC and Gas Chromatography
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Analysis of metabolites was performed with the Varian ProStar HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) system equipped with a refractive index detector operated at 30°C and an Aminex HPX-87H column (1,300 by 7.8 mm; particle size, 9 µm; Bio-Rad Laboratories) kept at 30°C. Slightly acidified water was used (0.005 M H2SO4) as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. To remove proteins and other cell residues, samples were centrifuged at 20,238 × g for 5 min and the supernatant was filtered with Spartan 13/0.2 RC filters. Ten microliters of the supernatant was then injected into the HPLC system for analysis. Measurements of headspace gas composition were carried out on a Varian CP-4900 micro gas chromatograph with two installed channels. Channel 1 was a 10-m Mol-sieve column running at 70°C with 200 kPa argon and a backflush time of 4.2 s, while channel 2 was a 10-m PPQ column running at 90°C with 150 kPa helium and no backflush. The injector temperature for both channels was 70°C. The run time was set to 120 s, but all of the peaks of interest eluted before 100 s.
4
Methanol Steam Reforming Catalyst Evaluation
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The catalyst performance in methanol steam reforming was evaluated in a continuously operated gas-phase fixed-bed reactor similar to the one described elsewhere[33 ] (details are found in the Supporting Information). An equimolar mixture of methanol and water was evaporated and fed to the reactor. At the reactor outlet, unconverted methanol and water were condensed and the product gas was analyzed by GC (Varian CP 4900). Catalyst activities are provided as TOF, which is the total molar flow of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane divided by the total molar amount of platinum in the reactor (typically 0.1 mmol). S is given as the CO2 mol fraction in the outlet gas stream divided by the sum of CO2, CO, and CH4. The mass balance was closed by the quantification of the inert gas nitrogen.
5
Headspace Gas Chromatography Analysis
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Headspace samples were analyzed for CO2, H2, and CH4 by gas chromatography, using a dual channel Micro-GC (CP-4900; Varian, Micro gas chromatography, Middelburg, The Netherlands), as previously described [8 (link)]. The results were analyzed with a Galaxie Chromatography Workstation (version 1.9.3.2, Middelburg, The Netherlands). The optical density of the culture was measured at 620 nm (OD620) using a U-1100 spectrophotometer (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). CDW was determined by filtration as previously described [24 (link)]. Glucose, acetate, lactate, propionate, and ethanol were analyzed by HPLC (Waters, Milford, Massachusetts, United States) on an Aminex HPX-87H ion exchange column (Bio-Rad, Hercules, United States) at 45°C, with 5 mM H2SO4 (0.6 ml · min−1) as the mobile phase. The column was equipped with a refractive index detector (RID-6A; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan).
6
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
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The photocatalytic tests were carried out at atmospheric pressure in a jacketed reactor of 300 mL capacity designed for continuous gas flow operation and equipped with a condenser (kept at -15 °C) at the outlet. A UV-visible 175 W Hg broadspectrum lamp (maximum power of 25.6 W at λ = 366 nm) was used. The lamp was placed inside the reactor in a water-cooled jacket that serves as UV cut off filter (λ ≥ 385 nm) for UVAvisible light irradiation. Before the photocatalytic reaction, the Pt-Cu-Se_X/g-C 3 N 4 photocatalysts were degassed under vacuum at 100 °C for 12 h, and then transferred directly to the photoreactor. 200 mg of photocatalyst and 250 mL of an ethanol (aq) (25% v/v) solution, previously purged with Ar, were used. Before irradiation, the suspension was stirred for 30 min under continuous Ar flow to remove all residual air in the reactor, then the system was irradiated and kept at 25 °C. The gas phase products evolved were analyzed on-line using a micro-gas chromatograph Varian CP-4900 equipped with two columns (Molsieve 5 Å and PPQ) and two independent micro-TCD detectors (detection limit for H 2 of 50 ppm).
7
Methanol steam reforming catalyst evaluation
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A fixed-bed reactor (PID Eng&Tech, Microactivity Reference) was employed for continuous flow experiments. It is connected to a MicroGC (Varian CP 4900, equipped with a 10 m back-flushed M5A column, a 20 m back-flushed M5A column and a 10 m PPU column, Agilent Technologies) for simultaneous quantification of H2, CO, CO2 and CH4. The catalysts were diluted with graphite (ChemPUR, <100 μm, 99.9%) to ensure a homogeneous gas flow through the sample and placed on top of a quartz-glass fleece in the reactor tube (stainless steel coated with silicon oxide, inner diameter 7.9 mm). For the MSR experiments, a 1 : 1 molar H2O/MeOH mixture (0.01 ml min−1 DI-H2O(l), 0.0225 ml min−1 MeOH(l), Fisher Scientific, HPLC grade) was loaded onto a 10% He in N2 carrier gas (45 ml min−1, Air Liquide, 99.999%) by quantitative evaporation. The unreacted vapors were removed from the gas phase by condensation in a cooling trap and the gas stream was dried with a Nafion® membrane with a counter flow of 100 ml min−1 N2. The gas phase composition was analyzed by online gas chromatography, yielding the specific activity toward H2, CO, CO2 and CH4. The CO2 selectivity was obtained by division of the specific activity of CO2 by the sum of the specific activities of CO, CO2 and CH4.
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