As 01

To fabricate PDMS rotators, the replica molding method was used. The mold was made of an acrylic plate manufactured by a cutting machine (MODELA MDX-40A, Roland). The mold was then adhered to Pyrex glass. PDMS was made by mixing the base (SILPOT184 BASE) and the curing agent (SILPOT184 CAT) at a 1:1 ratio (wt/wt). Next, the prepolymer of the PDMS was fully mixed in a rotary mixer (AR-100, THINKY) and degassed in an aspirator (AS-01, AS ONE) for 15 min. The prepolymer PDMS was poured into the mold, covered with another piece of Pyrex glass, and clamped with a clip. The whole device was placed in a 60 °C oven for 24 h (DX 402, Yamato Scientific). After drying, the PDMS rotators were carefully released from the acrylic plates by a metal ruler.

To prepare hexane-exchanged nanopaper, the water dispersion of the TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (0.1 wt%, 100 mL) was vacuum-filtered (AS-01, AS ONE Corp., Osaka, Japan) through a hydrophilic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane filter (H020A090C, pore diameter: 0.1 μm, Advantec Toyo Roshi Kaisha, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) for approximately 8 h. Subsequently, 100 mL of EtOH, 100 mL of EtOH, and 100 mL of hexane were poured onto a wet sheet and vacuum-filtered in that order. The resulting wet sheet was then dried under continuous vacuum filtration at room temperature for approximately 24 h, followed by peeling off from the PTFE membrane filter to obtain the hexane-exchanged nanopaper. The EtOH-exchanged nanopaper was prepared using a similar method to that of the hexane-exchanged nanopaper, except for the addition of hexane. Conventional nanopaper was prepared by drying of the water dispersion of the TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers under continuous vacuum filtration at room temperature for approximately 32 h without the addition of EtOH and hexane.