Tgf β t7039

TGF-β (T7039) and copper sulfate (C8027) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). D-penicillamine (Sigma) and trientine hydrochloride (Sigma) were used as chelators of copper. Antibodies specific for β-actin (47778), Vimentin (6260), N-cadherin (59987), and E-cadherin (8426) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Antibodies for TGF-β (3711), Smad2/3 (3102), p-Smad2 (18338), and p-Smad3 (9520) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA).

Geniposide (≥98% purity, as detected by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis) was purchased from Shanghai Winherb Medical Co. (Shanghai, China). TGF-β (T7039) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). ISO was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. EX-527 was purchased from MedchemExpress (Sollentuna, Sweden). Antibodies against the following proteins were purchased from Abcam: TGF-β1 (ab66043), SIRT1 (ab110304), gp91 (ab80508), 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) (ab46545), thioredoxin2 (ab26320), α-SMA (ab5694), GRP78 (ab955), XBP-1 (ab37152), TGF beta Receptor I (ab31013), TGF beta Receptor II (ab61213), and acetyl-lysine (ab80178). Antibodies against the following proteins were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology: phosphorylated (P-)Smad3 (8769), total (T-)Smad3 (9513s), and GAPDH (2118). The antibodies against P-PERK (sc-32577) and T-PERK (sc13073) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. The antibody against ATF6 (15794-1-AP) was purchased from Proteintech Group. The secondary antibodies used in this study were acquired from LI-COR Biosciences (used at 1:10,000 dilution). The GT VisionTM+Detection System/Mo&Rb reagent for immunohistochemistry was obtained from Gene Technology (Shanghai, China). The Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody for immunofluorescence was purchased from LI-COR Biosciences.