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12 protocols using chloroform

1

Multilayer Graphene Foam Scaffold Fabrication

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Materials used in the experiments are described below and were used as received. The 3D multilayer free-standing graphene foam (GF, thickness 1.2 mm) was purchased from Ultrananotech Pvt. Ltd. (Bangalore, India). Polycaprolactone (PCL, avg. Mn 80 000) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, avg. Mn 30 000–70 000) were ordered from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Chloroform (CHCl3, Mn 119.38) was purchased from Sisco Research Laboratories (New Mumbai, India). Hydroxyapatite (HA) granules (size: 0.355–0.5 mm) were purchased from Kuber Medical Pvt. Ltd. (Delhi, India).
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2

Extraction and Characterization of Melanin

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Standard melanin (synthetic) and 5,5′-dithio-bis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Keratin powder, bovine serum albumin, sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, ferric chloride, sodium hypochlorite, and potassium hydroxide were obtained from Himedia, India. Solvents, such as ethanol, methanol, chloroform, acetone, benzene, and phenol were procured from Sisco Research Laboratory (SRL), India. All the chemicals and reagents used were of the highest purity and analytical grade. Black feathers of slaughtered domestic fowl (Gallusgallus domesticus) collected from central chicken market, Kolhapur, India were washed, dried, and stored for further studies. Whereas, goat (Capra hircus-Osmanabadi breed) skin was obtained from the local meat market in Kolhapur, India.
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3

Fabrication of PCL-CA Composite Scaffolds

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Polycaprolactone (PCL) (Mw: 80,000) was procured from Sigma Aldrich (Chennai, India). CA powder was procured from a locally available herbal medicine shop (Bala Exports & Imports, Chennai, India). Chloroform and methanol of medical grade were purchased from Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. (Mumbai, India), and used as received.
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4

Synthesis and Characterization of Organic Compounds

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p-Phenylenediamine was purchased from TCI Chemicals (India) Pvt. Ltd. Xylene, toluene, chloroform, dichloromethane, 1,4-dioxane, acetone and silica gel were purchased from SISCO Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., India. Methanol and ethanol were purchased from Qualigens Pvt. Ltd. Benzene, 1-butanol, 2-propanol, DMSO, and DMF were obtained from Merck Life Science Pvt. Ltd. MWCO = 1 kDa dialysis membrane (HiMedia) was used as received. All commercially available reagent grade chemicals were used as received without further purification. Deionized (DI) water (resistivity ≈ 18 MΩ), determined using broadband dielectric measurements (Novocontrol broadband dielectric spectrometer in the frequency range of 10−2 to 107 Hz) was used for all the experiments reported.
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5

Extraction and Characterization of Warka Tree Gum for Paracetamol Tablet Formulation

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Local warka tree gum was collected from Bahir Dar (Ethiopia). Paracetamol USP working standard was obtained from EFDA (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia). Paracetamol IP with other necessary tablet excipients, i.e., Starch@1500 (Guangdong Guanghua Sci-Tech Co. Ltd, China), polyvinylpyrrolidone (Guangdong Guanghua Sci-Tech Co., Ltd, China), lactose (Narula Exports Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India), talc (Narula Exports Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India), and magnesium stearate (Narula Exports Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India) were obtained from Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Company S.C (EPHARM). Muslin cloth, ethanol, NaOH pellets (Guangdong Guanghua Sci-Tech Co., Ltd, China), potassium dihydro orthophosphate (Guangdong Guanghua Sci-Tech Co., Ltd, China), acetone (Labmark Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., India), and chloroform (Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd, India) were purchased from the market.
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6

Development and Evaluation of Tetrahydrocurcumin Formulations

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Tetrahydrocurcumin was kindly provided as a gift sample by Sanat Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (New Delhi, India). Carbopol® 934, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate and Tween 80 were purchased from Central Drug House (P) Ltd. (New Delhi, India). Compritol® 888ATO and Phospholipon 90 G were received as a gift sample from Panacea Biotec (Lalru, Punjab, India) and Gattefosse SAS, France, respectively. Chloroform and diethyl ether were purchased from Sisco Research Laboratories (Mumbai, India). Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid and triethanolamine were provided by SD Fine Chemicals (Mumbai, India). Formalin and hydrochloric acid were supplied by Qualigens Fine Chemicals (Mumbai, India). Ellman reagent and 2,4-dinitro-chlorobenzene were obtained from Himedia Laboratories Ltd. (Mumbai, India). Methanol and polyethylene glycol were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Mumbai, India). 5,6-Carboxyfluoroscein was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Co., Burlington, MA, USA. The RayBio® Mouse IL-6 ELISA Kit was provided by Ray Biotech, Inc., Norcross, GA, USA.
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7

Isolation of Biomolecules from Rat and Mouse Tissues

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All chemicals used in this study are of molecular biology grade, i.e., purity ≥98.5%. Sodium dodecyl sulphate, phenol, chloroform, isoamyl alcohol, isopropanol and papain were purchased from Sisco Research Laboratories, India. Ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid and formaldehyde were bought from Qualigens, India. Glutaraldehyde was ordered from Sigma-Aldrich, India. Proteinase K was purchased from Invitrogen, India. Coomassie brilliant blue and protease inhibitor cocktail were obtained from Merck, India. Sodium acetate was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry, India. RIPA buffer was bought from Himedia, India. Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific, India, and Blyscan -sulphated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) assay kit from biocolor, United Kingdom. Wistar rats and Swiss Albino mice were purchased from National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India.
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8

Fabrication of PLA Nanocomposites

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For the present study, PLA powder with an average particle size of 325 µm and a melting temperature of 150–170 °C was obtained from Making Cosmetics Inc. HDTMS was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and chloroform from Sisco Research Laboratories, both used without further purification. A PTFE solution with a particle size of 3 µm and acetone were obtained from the Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC).
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9

Tetrahydrocurcumin-Loaded Topical Delivery

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Tetrahydrocurcumin was a generous gift sample from Sanat Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (New Delhi, India). Carbopol ® 934, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate and tween 80 were obtained from Central Drug House (P) Ltd. (New Delhi, India).
Compritol ® 888ATO was obtained as gift sample from Panacea Biotec (Lalru, Punjab).
Chloroform and diethyl ether were purchased from Sisco Research Laboratories (Mumbai, India).
Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid and triethanolamine were supplied by SD Fine Chemicals (Mumbai, India). Formalin and hydrochloric acid were obtained by Qualigens Fine Chemicals (Mumbai, India). Ellman reagent was purchased from Himedia Laboratories Ltd. (Mumbai, India).
Methanol and polyethylene glycol were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Mumbai, India). Ethanol was obtained from Changshu Yanguan Chemicals (China). Phospholipon G was procured as a gift sample from Gattefosse SAS, France.
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10

Antimicrobial Evaluation of Chloroquine and Verapamil

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Chloroquine diphosphate salt (98.5–101.0% EP)- Sigma, Verapamil hydrochloride (≥ 99%)- Sigma Aldrich, Methanol (LR)- SD Fine Chemical Limited, Dimethyl sulfoxide (LR) 99%—SD Fine Chemical Limited, Mueller–Hinton agar—HiMedia, N-Hexane 99% (LR)- Chemico, Diethyl ether (99%)-Merck, Chloroform (extra-pure)- Sisco Research Laboratories, Sulphuric acid(concentrated)-SD Fine Chemical Limited, Ferric chloride (98%)-Merck, Sodium hydroxide (97%)- Merck, hydrochloric acid (35–38%)- SD Fine Chemical Limited were used in this study.
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