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6 protocols using phosphoric acid

1

Synthesis of Polyurethane Foam with Eco-Friendly Components

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SiO2, aluminium phosphate (ALP), ammonium molybdate (AMM), and 3-(2-aminoethylamino) propyldimethoxymethylsilane (KH-602) were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Industrial Corporation, China. Phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) were purchased from Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd., Shantou, China. Polyether polyols 4110 (PPG4110, the hydroxyl value was 430 mgKOH/g and the viscosity was 2500–4000 mPa∙s at 25 °C) was obtained from Guangzhou Hongna Chemical Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China. Polyisocyanate (PAPI; the NCO content was 30.3 wt %) was bought from Yantai Wanhua Polyurethane Co., Ltd., China. The surfactant was from Nanjing Dymatic Shichuang Chemical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China. Epoxidized monoglyceride of tung oil (EGTO) [30 (link)] and deionized water were made in the laboratory. The blowing agent (HFC-365mfc) was obtained from Dongguang Changze Chemical Co., Ltd., Dongguang, China. All of the above materials were used directly.
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2

Crab Shell-Derived Biosensor Fabrication

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Discarded shells of the cooked crabs (Scylla olivacea) were collected from local seafood
restaurants. Thiophene, ammonium persulfate, HX, XA, UA, and CA were
purchased from Sigma Aldrich; and Thiophene was distilled prior to
use. Boric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, disodium hydrophosphate,
sodium dihydrophosphate, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, and
ethanol were received from Xilong Scientific Co. Nafion aqueous dispersion
(10 wt % in H2O) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich
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3

Broadleaf Holly and Seashell-based Biocomposites

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Broadleaf holly leaves were collected from a tea farm (Wanchang tea plantation, Haikou, China). Seashells were obtained from Yongxing Seafood Market (Haikou, China). Ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2·4H2O) and diphenylamine urea were from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China). Potassium dichromate[K2Cr2O7] and anhydrous ethanol were provided by Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory (Guangzhou, China). Phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid were supplied by Xilong Science (Guangzhou, China). Acetone was purchased from Yantai Yuandong Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. (Yantai, China). The above chemical reagents are all analytically pure.
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4

Biomass Conversion Reagents Protocol

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The all chemical reagents were purchased and used directly without any treatment: 2-furaldehyde was chose from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd; nickel(ii) nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO3)2·6H2O) and cobalt(ii) nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO3)2·6H2O) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd; phosphoric acid was used from Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd; enzymatic hydrolysis of lignin, acid hydrolyzed of lignin and corn cob were provided by Shandong Longlive Bio-technology Co., Ltd; Xiaoquan coal was bought from Ningxia, China. All the solvents (methanol, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Company Ltd. Deionized water was applied for all experiments.
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5

Extraction and Characterization of C. oleifera Seed Meal

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C. oleifera Abel. seed meal (variety: Changlin 3) was provided by Jiangxi Zhongye Tea Technology Co., Ltd (Jiangxi, China). (Approval Number SC10236112411503).
Raw material treatment was as follows: C. oleifera Abel. seed meal was pulverized (Disintegrator, 103B, Rui’an Yongli Pharmaceutical Machinery Co., Ltd., Rui’an, China), and dried by passing it through a 60-mesh screen (GB/T6003, Shaoxing Jinhang Instrument Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, China), followed by decreasing and drying with petroleum ether, with a moisture content of < 6% [35 (link)].
C. oleifera saponins (purity, ≥98%) were purchased from Solarbio Corporation (Beijing, China). Anhydrous methanol, concentrated sulfuric acid, petroleum ether (60–90), ammonium bicarbonate, acetone, phosphoric acid, and sodium hydroxide were purchased from Xilong Science Co., Ltd (Shantou, China). Vanillin, N-Propanol, and calcium oxide were purchased from Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Factory (Tianjin, China). Ammonium sulphate was purchased from Daduhe Road Company (Chengdu, China). All other chemicals were of analytical grade except ammonium sulfate and hydrochloric acid.
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6

Fast Pyrolysis of Larch Biomass

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Bio-oil was obtained by fast pyrolysis of Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen. in a fluidized bed at 550 °C for 2–3 s, which is the biomass residence time at the Lab of Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass and Productive Utilization (Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China). Phenol, paraformaldehyde, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were purchased from Beijing Chemical Industries Reagent Co., Ltd., Beijing, China. Petroleum ether, tween-80, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and phosphoric acid were provided by Xilong Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China.
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