At 1, 3, and 6 months after the implantation, 27 beagle dogs (9 beagle dogs at each time point) were euthanized by injecting an overdose of anesthetic solution (pentobarbital sodium). All the specimens were soaked in a 4% formaldehyde solution after sampling. Before pathological sectioning, high-resolution micro-CT scanning (Quantum GX2, PerkinElmer, United States) was performed on all the specimens. The X-ray source was set to 70 Kv and 114 μA. The scanning was performed on a 360° rotation, and the images were acquired every 1°. The Data Viewer software (Quantum GX2, PerkinElmer, United States) was used to evaluate the reconstructed image, and it was rotated to ensure the perfect alignment of the implant. A volume of interest (VOI) with a thickness of 3 mm was selected for all the samples, including the 2 mm metal acetabular cup and 1 mm bone tissue in the peripheral cup. After selecting VOI, the CTAn software (Quantum GX2, PerkinElmer, United States) was used to analyze the data. First, a 3 mm-thick hollow hemispherical VOI was selected. Then, local adaptive thresholding was used to segment the image and select the optimal threshold parameters for the bones and implants. The following results were measured (Bruker, 2015 ): implant volume and bone volume (%), and it was expressed as bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV, %).
Quantum gx2
Manufactured by PerkinElmer
Sourced in United States, Japan
The Quantum GX2 is a high-performance micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) system designed for 3D imaging and analysis of small samples. It provides detailed, non-destructive visualization of internal structures and features within a specimen. The Quantum GX2 uses X-ray technology to capture volumetric data that can be reconstructed into a 3D model for further analysis.
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Lab products found in correlation
Jsm 7600f, by JEOL (1 mentions)
Analyze software, by AnalyzeDirect (1 mentions)
Analyze 11, by AnalyzeDirect (1 mentions)
Quantum fx, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Ivis lumina xr, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Analyze 12, by AnalyzeDirect (1 mentions)
C57bl 6j mice, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
C57bl 6j mice, by GemPharmatech (1 mentions)
Analyze 14, by AnalyzeDirect (1 mentions)
M165fc microscope, by Leica (1 mentions)
Vibratome vt1000, by Leica (1 mentions)
Skyscan 1176, by Bruker (1 mentions)
36 protocols using quantum gx2
1
Beagle Dog Implant Osseointegration
2
Micro-CT Analysis of Tumor-Bearing Limbs
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Tumor-bearing limbs were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and scanned at 90 kV and 88 µA with a voxel size of 72 μm by microcomputed tomography (Micro-CT, PerkinElmer, Quantum GX II, USA). Bone volume was calculated based on the same anatomical origin and end point. After analysis by micro-CT, the tumor-bearing limbs were transferred to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-glycerol solution for decalcification. The decalcified limbs were subsequently embedded in paraffin and then sectioned for H&E, OCN and TRAP staining.
3
Scaffold Density and Porosity Analysis
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The Archimedes method and dry weight method were used to calculate the density and porosity of the scaffolds. Micro-CT (PerkinElmer, Quantum GX II) was used to observe the macroscopic morphology of the scaffolds. The scanning voltage and current were 90 Kv and 80 μA, respectively, and the scanning time was 14 min. The 3D reconstruction was carried out using the device’s built-in software with the same threshold values. A scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM-7600F, JEOL) was used to observe the surface morphology and microstructure of the scaffolds. For the microstructure observation, the samples were ground and polished to a mirror finish by standard metallographic procedures and etched by using a reagent (composed of 10 vol% HNO3, 20 vol% HF, and 70 vol% H2O) for 15 s.
4
Micro-CT Analysis of Murine Femurs
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The femurs from three groups – control, SMN2 2-copy Smn1ΔMPC, and SMN2 1-copy Smn1ΔMPC mice at postnatal day 14 (P14) – were isolated and cleaned of muscles and skin. Subsequently, the femurs were preserved in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) overnight at 4°C before micro-CT. The femurs were then imaged through a Quantum GX II micro-CT imaging system (PerkinElmer, Hopkinton, MA, USA). The X-ray source for scanning was set at 90 kV and 88 mA with a field of view of 10 mm (voxel size, 20 μm; scanning time, 14 min). The 3D imaging was viewed using the 3D Viewer software of the Quantum GX II. The size and volume of the femur bone were measured via AccuCT analysis software within the ossified diaphysis and metaphysis of the femur, excluding the epiphysis. BMD calibration was performed using a 4.5-mm BMD phantom and BMD measurements were taken at the center of the diaphysis.
5
Micro-CT Analysis of Femoral Implants
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For micro-computed tomography analysis (micro-CT, Quantum GX II, Perkin Elmer) analysis, specimens of femoral condyles with implants were procured and immersed in a 4% paraformaldehyde solution for a minimum duration of 24 h to ensure proper fixation. After the removal of excessive bone tissue from the distal femur, the femoral condyle of each group with implants underwent scanning via a micro-CT system. The scanning was performed at a resolution of 18 μm, utilizing a voltage of 90 kV and a current of 80 μA. Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction was performed by Mimics Medical 21.0 software. The region around the implant with a diameter of 1 mm was considered the region of interest. A threshold range spanning from 270 to 5000 was applied to discern newborn bone at the juncture of the bone/implant interface in contrast to Ti. After implementing the reconstruction, various quantitative parameters were used to assess osseointegration surrounding the implant. These parameters included bone volume (BV), bone volume fraction (BV/TV), bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular numbers (Tb. N), trabecular separation (Tb. Sp) and trabecular thickness (Tb. Th) of the defect area.
6
Micro-CT Analysis of Distraction Regenerate
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Microstructural change within the distraction regenerate in the rat was quantitatively assessed using micro-CT(PerkinElmer Quantum GX II). On the 4th week after the cessation of distraction, all the rats were imaged using micro-CT at a custom isotropic resolution of 8-μm isometric voxel size with a voltage of 90 kV and a current of 200 μA. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume (BV) of each specimen were recorded with the built-in software for analysis.
7
Micro-CT Analysis of Implant Osseointegration
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After soft tissue was removed, the non-demineralized specimens were scanned on a micro-CT system (60 kV/5 W, Quantum GX2, PerkinElmer, Japan), and three-dimensional (3-D) images were reconstructed from the microtomographic slices. The region of interest (ROI) was defined as an annular domain of the 200-μm region around the implant. The parameters of bone volume per total volume (BV/TV), the mean trabecular number (Tb.N), and percentage of osseointegration (OI%), which was represented as the percentage of bone voxels to total voxels in direct contact with the implant, were analyzed within the ROI zone in order to assess osteogenesis associated with the implants.
8
Micro-CT Imaging of Ankle Joint
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The entire hind limb was scanned using Quantum GX2 micro-CT scanner (PerkinElmer, Shelton, Connecticut, USA) to capture anatomical images with high resolution to assess bone health. The projections were obtained using a high resolution scan mode that 144 μm voxel size, 90 kV tube voltage, 88 μA current and 4 min scan time. Analyze software (AnalyzeDirect, Overland Park, Kansas, USA) was used to reconstruct the 3-dimensional (3D) structure of joints, and the same anatomic location of ankle joint were cropped to verification of bone destruction and the joint damage be visualized.
9
Microstructure Analysis of Scaffold Porosity
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The scaffold porosity and the distribution of the β-TCP particles in the scaffold were detected using a Quantum GX2 micro-CT imaging system (PerkinElmer, Hopkinton, MA, USA) at a voxel size of 72 µm. Typically, three samples randomly selected were placed on a 35 mm diameter object bed. A complete scan (scanning parameters: energy = 90 kV; intensity = 88 µA) was then performed. The scanned microstructural images were reconstructed using Invesalius 3.1 software (©2007–2017, Center for Information Technology Renato Archer CTI). The total porosity, pore size, and open porosity of each scaffold were analyzed. In order to obtain the total porosity p, the scaffold volume VS was compared to the theoretical volume of the cylinder VT using Equation (1) [10 (link)]:
10
Femur Microarchitecture Analysis by μCT
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Femurs were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 h and then scanned with a Quantum GX2 (PerkinElmer, Waltham, USA) instrument. The turn-on voltage was 80 kV, and the current density was 88 μA. A total 900 μm width of trabecular bone below the distal growth plate was three-dimensionally reconstructed and analyzed for microarchitectural parameters of BV/TV, Tb.Th., Tb.N., and Tb.Sp. Meanwhile, a 900-μm wide section of cortical bone from the middle of the femur was analyzed for Ct.Th.
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