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Rabbit anti smad2 3

Manufactured by Cell Signaling Technology
Sourced in United States

The Rabbit anti-Smad2/3 is a primary antibody that recognizes the Smad2 and Smad3 proteins. Smad2 and Smad3 are key intracellular signal transducers and transcriptional modulators activated by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and related cytokines.

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33 protocols using rabbit anti smad2 3

1

Western Blot Analysis of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Markers

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The cultured cells were rinsed with cold PBS before treated with RIPA lysis buffer at 4 °C for 10 min. Then the mixture was heated at 100 °C for 10 min and centrifuged under 4 °C at 14000 g min−1 for 10 min. The supernatant was removed, and the protein concentration was measured with the BCA method. About 20 μg of protein was loaded in each lane, separated by 10% SDS–PAGE and transferred to the PVDF membrane. The membrane was blocked with 5% non-fat milk powder for 1 h at room temperature before overnight incubation with primary antibodies 4 °C, followed by the secondary antibody. The antibodies were mouse anti-β-tubulin (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA; CAT 6181), rabbit anti-MBD3 (Cell Signaling, CAT 3896), mouse anti-Flag (Sigma, San Francisco, CA, USA; CAT F1804), rabbit anti-MMP2 (ImmunoWay, Plano, TX, USA; CAT YT2798), rabbit anti-MMP9 (ImmunoWay CAT YT1892), rabbit anti-Vimentin (Cell Signaling, CAT 5741), rabbit anti-N-cadherin (Cell Signaling, CAT 13116), rabbit anti-E-cadherin (Cell Signaling, CAT 3195), rabbit anti-β-catenin (Cell Signaling, CAT 8480), rabbit anti-Snail (Cell Signaling, CAT 3879), rabbit anti-α-SMA (Cell Signaling, CAT 14968), rabbit anti-Smad2/3 (Cell Signaling, CAT 8685), rabbit anti-P-Smad2 (Cell Signaling, CAT 3108), rabbit anti-P-Smad3 (Cell Signaling, CAT 9520), rabbit anti-TGF-β (Cell Signaling, CAT 3709).
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2

Western Blot Analysis of Signaling Proteins

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Proteins were purified from either cells or lung tissues. Western blot analysis was performed as previously described35 (link). Proteins were separated using 10% SDS-PAGE and electrophoretically transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. The primary antibodies employed were: rabbit anti-glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), rabbit anti-p-GSK-3β, rabbit anti-smad2/3 (Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit anti-β-catenin, rabbit anti-fibronectin, mouse anti-matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), mouse anti-β-actin, rabbit anti-p-smad2, rabbit anti-p-smad3 (Abcam, Cambridge, MA), rabbit anti-collagen I, and mouse anti-α-SMA. Species-matched horseradish peroxidase-conjugated IgG (Boster, Wuhan, China) was used as the secondary antibody. The chromogenic signal intensity was detected using an Odyssey Scanning System (LI-COR, Lincoln, NE) and quantified using image J software (NIH, Bethesda, MD).
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3

Multiparametric Analysis of Signaling Pathways

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Rabbit anti phospho-Smad2 (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), rabbit anti Smad2/3 (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), rabbit anti phospho-Smad3 (Cell Signaling Technology), goat anti phospho-Smad1/5/8 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), rabbit anti Smad1/5/8 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit anti-mouse phospho-Stat1 (Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit anti-mouse ApoA-I (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit anti-mouse Actin (Sigma, Steinheim, Germany) and HRP conjugate donkey anti-rabbit IgG (Southern Biotech, Birmingham, AL, USA) were used for western blot analysis. Rabbit anti SRB1 monoclonal antibody (Novus Biologicals, CO, USA) and FITC conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (Sigma, Steinheim, Germany) were used for flow cytometry analysis. Fc block and fluorochrome conjugated antibodies against mouse CD45, CD3, CD8, MHC-II, CD11c and TNF-alpha were purchased from BD Biosciences. Intracellular staining for TNF-alpha was performed following manufacturer's instructions. For flow cytometry experiments acquisition was done using either FACSCalibur or FACSCanto II (BD Biosciences). FlowJo Software (TreeStar) was used to analyze cellular events.
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4

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Liver and Hepatic Stellate Cells

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Immunofluorescence analyses were performed on liver tissues and LX-2 cells treated with HNK or vehicle control essentially as described in Supplementary Materials and Methods. Briefly, cells were incubated on a glass chamber slide with the indicated drug, covered, and incubated with ice-cold 100% methanol for 10 min at −20 °C. After PBS washes, cells were blocked with diluted donkey serum for 30 min at room temperature. Rabbit anti-αSMA (DAKO Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA), rabbit anti-p62 (Progen, Heidelberg, Germany), rabbit anti-SMAD2/3 (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), and Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch Inc., West Grove, PA, USA) antibodies were used as the primary and secondary antibodies, respectively. Detailed information about antibodies used is available in the Supplementary Materials and Methods section. After washing with PBS, slides were mounted with medium containing DAPI (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA). A BZ-X800 microscope was used for immunofluorescence analyses.
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5

Immunocytochemical and Cytometric Analyses

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The following primary antibodies were used for immunocytostaining: rabbit anti-S100β (dilution = 1 : 200) (Abcam, Cambridge, UK), rabbit anti-GAP43 (1 : 200) (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), rabbit anti-EGR2 (1 : 200) (Abcam), rabbit anti-NCAM (1 : 200) (Sino Biological, Beijing, China), and mouse anti-MAP-2 (1 : 200) (Abcam) antibodies. Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-rabbit (1 : 500) (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated anti-mouse (1 : 500) (Life Technologies) antibodies were used as secondary antibodies. For western blotting, rabbit anti-Smad2/3 (dilution = 1 : 1000) (Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit anti-phospho Smad2/3 (1 : 5000) (Cell Signaling Technology), and rabbit anti-β-actin (1 : 5000) (Cell Signaling Technology) antibodies were used. For flow cytometric analysis, phycoerythrin- (PE-) conjugated mouse anti-human CD29 (dilution = 1 : 25) (BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA), Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated rat anti-mouse/human CD44 (1 : 25) (BioLegend), PE-conjugated mouse anti-human CD90 (1 : 5) (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA), and fluorescein isothiocyanate- (FITC-) conjugated mouse anti-human CD105 (1 : 25) (BioLegend) antibodies were used.
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6

Immunoblotting Analysis of Phospho-Smad3

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Islets were isolated from 8-week-old animals as described above. Following isolation, islets were immediately lysed in RIPA buffer, and protein content was quantified using the Bio-Rad DC protein assay (Bio-Rad). A total of 3.5 μg of protein per sample was electrophoresed on 4–12% Bis-Tris gels under denaturing conditions and blotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride membrane using the NuPAGE Western blotting system (Invitrogen). Blots were blocked and probed with the following primary antibodies diluted in 5% nonfat milk in 1x Tris-buffered saline with Tween and incubated overnight at 4°C: rabbit anti–phospho-Smad3 (1:1,000; Abcam), rabbit anti-Smad2/3 (1:500; Cell Signaling Technology), and rabbit anti–β-tubulin (1:5,000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Horseradish peroxidase–conjugated rabbit secondary antibody (1:5,000; Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories) was used for protein detection and facilitated by an ECL Prime detection system (Amersham) using Kodak X-Omat Blue film. Protein levels were quantified using ImageJ software.
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7

Comprehensive Immunohistochemical Staining Protocol

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The following antibodies were used in this study: mouse anti-p63 (Santa Cruz), rabbit anti-cytokeratin 5 (Abcam), rabbit anti-integrin β1 (Abcam), rabbit anti-loricrin (Covance), goat anti-involucrin (Santa Cruz), mouse anti-tubulin α (Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank), mouse anti-BrdU (Roche), rabbit anti-Smad2/3 (Cell Signaling), Alexa 488-goat anti-mouse IgG, Alexa 488-goat anti-rabbit IgG, Alexa 594-goat anti-rabbit IgG, R-phycoerythrin-goat anti-mouse IgG (Molecular Probes), horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (KPL), HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-goat IgG (Invitrogen), and HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Cell Signaling).
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8

Western Blot Analysis of Signaling Proteins

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Cells were lysed in Laemmli sample buffer and run in 4–20% Mini-PROTEAN TGX precast protein gels (Bio-Rad Laboratories). The primary antibodies used were rabbit anti-Egr1 (no. 4154; Cell Signaling), rabbit anti–c-Fos (no. 2250; Cell Signaling), rabbit anti–c-Jun (no. 9165; Cell Signaling), mouse anti-Snail (no. 3895; Cell Signaling), rabbit anti-PARP1 (no. 9532; Cell Signaling), rabbit anti-Smad2/3 (no. 8685; Cell Signaling), rabbit anti-pSmad2/3 (no. 8828; Cell Signaling), mouse anti–cytochrome c (no. sc-13560; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), mouse anti-Cox4 (no. 11967; Cell Signaling), rabbit anti–caspase 9 (no. 9502; Cell Signaling), mouse anti–caspase 8 (no. 9746; Cell Signaling), rabbit anti-Tubulin (no. 2128; Cell Signaling), and mouse anti–α-Tubulin (T6199; Sigma). The secondary antibodies used were IRDye 800CW donkey anti–rabbit IgG (H+L), IRDye 680LT donkey anti–mouse IgG (H+L), and IRDye 800CW donkey anti–mouse IgG (H+L; LI-COR Biosciences). The blots were scanned on an Odyssey imaging system (LI-COR Biosciences). Cell treatment, sample collection, and Western blotting were repeated at least three times, and the representative blots are shown in the figures.
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9

Western Blot Analysis of Cellular Proteins

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The protein concentration was measured using a Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit (23227, Thermo Fisher Scientific). Approximately 10 μg of protein from each cell was subjected to 8% to 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane. The membranes were blocked with 3% bovine serum albumin solution in TBST, followed by 1 h incubation. After that, the membrane was incubated with primary antibody at 4 °C overnight. The primary antibodies used to probe each protein were as follows: mouse anti-phosphoSmad2/3 (8828, Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA): 1:1000, rabbit anti-Smad2/3 (8685, Cell Signaling): 1:1000, anti-fibronectin (ab2413, Abcam): 1:1000, mouse anti-β-actin (4967, Cell Signaling): 1:1000, mouse anti-phospho-histone H2A.X (05-636, Merck): 1:1000, rabbit anti-cleaved caspase3 (9664, Cell Signaling): 1:1000, rabbit anti-caspase3 (9662, Cell Signaling): 1:1000, rabbit anti-p62 (610832, BD Bioscience, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA): 1:500 and rabbit anti-LC3 (NB100-2331, Novus Biologicals, Centennial, CO, USA): 1:1000. Secondary horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated antibodies (G21040, G21234, Invitrogen): 1:2000. The antibody binding was detected using an enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) detection kit (RPN2106, GE Healthcare Life Science).
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10

Quantifying Smad2/3 Phosphorylation in Fibroblasts

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To assess the level of Smad2/3 phosphorylation, fibroblasts were lysed using RIPA buffer (1% NP40, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 5 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% SDS, 0.1% sodium deoxycholate, 2 mM sodium orthovanadate, 10 mM sodium fluoride) supplemented with protease and phosphatase inhibitors (Sigma). Samples were denatured by boiling for 5 min at 95° degrees in Laemmli buffer and separated by SDS-Page using a 10% bis-tris acrylamide gel. Proteins were blotted on a nitrocellulose membrane using the semi-dry Power Blotter system (Invitrogen). Membranes were blocked in 5% BSA (for pSMAD2/3) or 5% skimmed milk (for total SMAD2/3) in TBS 0.1% Tween20 (TBST) for 30 min at room temperature, then incubated overnight at 4 °C with rabbit anti-Smad2/3 (Cell Signaling 8685) or rabbit anti-phospho-Smad2 (Ser465/467)/Smad3 (Ser423/425) (Cell Signaling 8828), diluted 1:1000 in their blocking solution. After five washes with TBST, membranes were incubated with goat anti-rabbit HRP-conjugated antibody (DAKO, p0448), diluted in their blocking solution 1:2000 for 1 h at room temperature. After five washes with TBST, membranes were incubated with SuperSignal West Pico PLUS Chemiluminescent Substrate (Thermoscientific) and chemiluminescence was detected using Chemidoc Touch imaging system (Promega).
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