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19 protocols using ccl 221

1

Culturing Colorectal Cancer and Normal Intestinal Cells

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Tumor intestinal epithelial cells HCT-116 (ATCC® CCL-247™) and HT-29 (ATCC® HTB-38™), derived from human colorectal adenocarcinoma, were cultured in DMEM 10% FBS, 10 mM Hepes, 100 U/mL of penicillin, and 100 µg/mL of streptomycin (Sigma, Darmstadt, Germany). Tumor intestinal epithelial cells DLD1 (ATCC® CCL-221™), derived from human colorectal adenocarcinoma, were cultured in RPMI1640 10% FBS, 10 mM Hepes, 100 U/mL of penicillin, and of 100 µg/mL streptomycin. Normal human intestinal cells CCD841 CoN (ATCC® CRL-1790™) were cultured in EMEM 10% FBS, 10 mM Hepes, 100 U/mL of penicillin, and 100 µg/mL of streptomycin. Cells were cultured at 37 °C in a humidified incubator.
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2

Cell Culture and Transfection Protocols

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Human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, CCL-185™). Human colorectal adenocarcinoma DLD-1 (ATCC, CCL-221™) cell line was provided by Dr L Grumolato (DC2N laboratory, Inserm U1239, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France) and human embryonic kidney HEK-293 (ATCC, CRL1573™) cell line was generously given by Dr Prézeau (IGF laboratory, Montpellier, France). All cell lines were routinely maintained according to the instructions from ATCC. More precisely, A549 and DLD-1 cells were cultured with RPMI 1640 media and HEK-293 cells were cultured with DMEM media, all supplemented with 1% sodium pyruvate (ThermoFisher Scientific, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France) and 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS, Lonza, Levallois-Perret, France). Transient transfections were performed using either Amaxa® Cell Line Nucleofactor® Kit V (Lonza, Levallois-Perret, France) or FuGene® HD (Promega Corporation, Southampton, UK) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.
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3

Diverse Cancer Cell Lines for Research

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Six human cancer cell lines and one normal cell line were used in this study. They included A549 human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line, obtained from the Institute for Fermentation, Osaka (IFO, Japan) and provided by Prof. Dr. Tansu Koparal (Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey), SPC212 human mesothelioma cell line obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and provided by Dr. Asuman Demiroğlu Zergeroğlu (Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey), DLD-1 colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines obtained from ATCC (CCL-221), Caco2 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (ATCC, HTB-37) obtained from the ŞAP Institute of Turkey (Ankara), HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells (ATCC, HB-8065) and MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells (ATCC, HTB-22) were provided by Prof. Dr. Tansu Koparal (Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey). The normal CRL2120 human skin fibroblasts were obtained from ATCC [CCD1094Sk (ATCC, CRL-2120)]. The cells were maintained as a monolayer in DMEM medium (Sigma-aldrich, Munich, Germany) medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and 1% penicillin (100 U/mL)-streptomycin (100 μg/mL) in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37 °C.
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4

Culturing Human Colorectal Cancer Cells

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SW1116 (ATCC CCL-233™ Human colorectal adenocarcinoma, stage I, RRID: CVCL_0544) and DLD1 (ATCC CCL-221™ Human colorectal adenocarcinoma, stage III (metastatic), RRID:CVCL_0248) cells were obtained from the ATCC. These cells were routinely cultured in DMEM-F12 (Lonza-Biowhittaker®) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated foetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Lonza BioWhittaker®). Cells were incubated at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air.
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5

Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines: PDT Evaluation

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This research study was approved by the University of Johannesburg, Faculty of Health Sciences Academic Ethics Committee (AEC81/2009). Two human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines, each in a different stage of cancer, were utilized. Caco-2 (ATCC® HTB-37™) cells are in Dukes stage B, meaning the cancer has grown through the muscle layer of the bowel, while DLD-1 cells (ATCC® CCL-221™) are in Dukes stage C meaning the cancer has metastasized to at least one lymph node in the area close to the bowel. Cells were grown under conventional conditions as previously described [14 (link)]. For experiments, 5 × 104 cells in 3 mL complete media were seeded into 3.4 cm diameter culture plates and incubated overnight to allow for attachment. Cells were randomly divided into four groups; cells that neither received PS nor irradiation (untreated), cells that received irradiation alone (5 J/cm2), cells that received PS alone (ZnPSmix), and cells that received both PS and irradiation (PDT).
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6

Cell Culture Protocols for Common Cell Lines

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Parental HEK293, Jurkat E6-1, RBL-1, DLD1, HCT116, and A20 cell lines were purchased directly from ATCC (Catalog # CRL-1573, TIB-152, CRL-1378, CCL-221, CCL-247, and TIB-208). HEK293, RBL-1, and HeLa cells were cultured in high-glucose (4.5 g/l) Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum and 1× Antibiotic–Antimycotic solution. Jurkat, A20, and DLD1 were maintained in RPMI 1640 with L-glutamine supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum and 1× Antibiotic–Antimycotic solution. HCT116 were cultured in McCoys 5A medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum and 1× Antibiotic–Antimycotic solution. All cell lines were stored in a heated (37 °C) humidified incubator under standard cell culture conditions (5% CO2; 95% air). The absence of mycoplasmal contamination was verified for all cell lines using a sensitive PCR-based detection kit (ABM: G238).
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7

Cell Culture Protocol for Common Cancer Cell Lines

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HCT116, DLD-1, HCT15, SW480 and HEK293 cells were purchased from the ATCC (#CCL-247, #CCL-221, #CCL-225, #CCL-228, #CRL-1573, respectively). HCT116, DLD-1, HCT15 and HEK293 cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; HyClone, Logan, UT, USA). SW480 cells were cultured in Leibovitz’s L-15 medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco Cell Culture, Rockford, IL, USA) supplemented with 10% FBS.
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8

CEA Overexpression in Colon Cancer Cells

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Human colon epithelial cell line DLD-1 (ATCC, CCL-221), HCT 116 (ATCC® CCL-247™) and SW837 (ATCC® CCL-235™) were cultured in DME/F12 medium, and (Sigma Aldrich, D5671) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma Aldrich, F2442). Transfection of CEA plasmid constructs was carried out using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). Lentiviral particles containing CEA (sc-36551) or control shRNA lentiviral particles (sc-108080) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology and were used to infect DLD1 cells.
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9

CD8+ T Cell Cytotoxicity Assay

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The cytotoxic capacity of CD8+ T cells was assessed by measuring Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the CD8+ T cell and tumor cell coculture supernatants. 104 DLD-1 colorectal adenocarcinoma (ATCC, ATCC CCL-221) cells were seeded in 96 flat-bottom well plates and cocultured with isolated CD8+ T cells at the corresponding E:T ratio (1:1, 5:1 or 10:1) using triplicate wells. Using the Cytotoxicity Detection KitPLUS (Sigma Aldrich, 4744926001), supernatant LDH was measured. The LDH levels in DLD-1 tumor cell alone cultures were used as a low control, and the lysis solution as a high control. The percentage of cytotoxicity = (experimental value − low control)/(high control − low control) × 100 (%).
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10

Cell Culture Protocols for FXR Studies

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DLD-1 (ATCC® CCL221™) and HepG2.rNtcp [23] (link) cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) or RPMI 1640 supplemented with lipid-stripped serum (Biosera, East Sussex, UK) as described previously [19] (link), [24] (link). HEK293 cells (ATCC® CRL1573™) were cultured like HepG2 cells. Culture conditions for mRNA and luciferase reporter assays were described before [19] (link). Cells were exposed to 100 µmol/L CDCA (Calbiochem-Novabiochem, San Diego, CA, USA) or 1 µmol/L GW4064 (Tocris, Ellisville, USA) and/or 1 µmol/L 9cRA (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), as described in the text. A DLD-1 cell line over-expressing hFXR (DLD-1.hFXR) was generated by stable transfection of pcDNA3-hFXR in DLD-1.
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