Cephalexin

The susceptibility of the confirmed E. coli isolates to thirteen antibiotics was examined according to the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method [27 ]. The antibiotics were obtained from Bioanalyse (Ankara, Turkey) and included ampicillin (10 μg), amoxicillin (25 μg), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (30 μg), cephalexin (30 μg), ceftriaxone (30 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), kanamycin (30 μg), tetracycline (30 μg), chloramphenicol (30 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), levofloxacin (15 μg), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (25 μg), and nitrofurantoin (300 μg). For the test, fresh culture suspensions were standardised to 0.5 McFarland (equivalent to 8 log cfu/mL). Using sterile cotton swabs, sterile prepoured plate count agar (PCA) (Laboratorios CONDA, Madrid, Spain) plates were swabbed with standardised culture suspensions and incubated at 37°C for 1 h. Antibiotic discs were then placed on the agar surface and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The diameter of the inhibition zone was measured in mm (Figure 1). Isolates were categorized as resistant, intermediate, or susceptible according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute [27 ]. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was computed as a/b, where a is the number of antibiotics the isolate was resistant to and b is the total number of antibiotics to which the isolate was exposed [28 (link)].

The antibiotic susceptibility of the yeast strains was evaluated using the Kirby Bauer method, according to CLSI [61 ]. The following thirteen different antibiotics (BioAnalyse, Ankara, Turkey) were used: Ampicillin (AM-10), Cephalexin (CL-30), Chloramphenicol (C-30), Erythromycin (E-10), Lincomycin (L-10), Nalidixic Acid (NA-30), Vancomycin (VA-10), Clotrimazole (CTM-10), Fluconazole (FLU-10), Itraconazole (ITR-10), Ketoconazole (KCA-10), Miconazole (MCL-10), and Nystatin (NS-100). Briefly, an aliquot (100 μL) of each overnight yeast culture was spread onto YEPD Agar plates and then the antibiotic discs were placed on the surface of agar plates. After the incubation period, the diameters of inhibition zones around the discs were measured using a ruler and the results were expressed as sensitive (>15 mm) or resistant (≤15 mm) according to CLSI [61 ].