Ha1800

The normal human astrocyte cell line HA1800 and human glioma tumor cell lines U87, U251, LN229 and A172 were purchased from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The STR identification reports of the cancer cell lines are presented in Additional materials (see Additional materials-cell lines STR identification), and we also used CCLA, an excellent cell line identification database, for secondary identification to ensure no cross-contamination of cell lines [15 (link)]. The cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) (Gibco) containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. qRT-PCR was conducted to compare the gene expression in 20 tumor samples in adjacent normal tissue. qRT-PCR was performed in triplicate using samples derived from three independent experiments. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded GBM tissues were used for IHC staining. The primers’ sequence are provided (see Additional file 1: Table S3).

The normal human astrocyte cell line HA1800 and human glioma tumor cell lines U87, A172, LN229, U251 and U373 were purchased from Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. All cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (Corning, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco, USA) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (P/S) in a humidified incubator with 5% carbon dioxide (CO₂) at 37 °C. A total of fifteen clinical samples from low‐grade glioma patients were collected from May 2020 to October 2021 at the Neurosurgery Department of Wuhan Union Hospital, including 7 samples of grade II and 8 samples of grade III. During the same period, ten acute brain injury patient samples were selected as the control group in this study. Clinical information for these samples is outlined in Additional file 11: Table S1. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the hospital, and written informed consent was obtained from each patient.

The normal human astrocyte HA1800 cell line (HA) and human GBM U87, A172, LN229, U251 and U373 cell lines were purchased from Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The cells were cultured in DMEM medium (Corning, USA) containing 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco, USA), and 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, USA), at a condition of 37°C with 5% CO₂. Fifteen clinical samples from GBM patients were collected from July 2020 to October 2021 at the Neurosurgery Department of Wuhan Union Hospital. In addition, ten cases of normal brain tissues (resected from surgery in patients with acute traumatic brain injury) were collected as the control group. The GBM tissues and non-tumor brain tissues (NBT) obtained from the patients were immediately frozen into the liquid nitrogen, followed by storing at -80°C before further analysis. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the hospital, and written informed consent was obtained from each patient.