Zetasizer

Filtration was carried out by using a cooling ultracentrifuge model (Hettich MIKRO, German) separation of the nanoparticles was according to their mass where the lower layer contains massive particle. The relative centrifugal force (RCF) was then calculated by applying Eq. (1) ^{21 (link)}. $$\text{RCF}=1.118\times {10}^{-5}\times \text{r}\times {\text{N}}^2$$ where RCF is the relative centrifugal force (cm/sec²), r is the rotational radius (cm), and N is the rotating speed (revolution per minute, rpm). Then each sample was characterized by JEOL JEM-2100 HR-TEM, XRD, and Zetasizer (nano 90 Malvern, UK).

The structures and features of synthesized nanoconjugates (NCt/Cur, NCt/Eug, and NCt/Cur/Eug), e.g., distribution, shape, and size, were assessed; the Zetasizer photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS Zetasizer, Malvern™, United Kingdom) was used to assess the nanoconjugates’ charge and particle size (Ps) distribution, whereas the SEM (scanning electron microscopy, JEOL JSM-6301F, Tokyo, Japan) imaging emphasized the nanoconjugates’ morphology, apparent size, and particle distribution. The magnification of ×15,000 was applied at an acceleration of 10 kV. The elemental composition of NCt was assessed via coupled energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy on the SEM instrument.