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Ciprofloxacin

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United Kingdom, United States, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Ireland, India

Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic antibiotic that belongs to the fluoroquinolone class. It is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent effective against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

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377 protocols using ciprofloxacin

1

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Pathogens

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To test antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter spp., the broth microdilution method was used with 5 % sheep blood. For all other pathogens, antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined by the agar dilution method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Guidelines, 2015 [20 ]. All isolates of Salmonella spp. were tested for their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, azithromycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline (Oxoid); DEC were tested for ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, cefazolin, cefuroxime, imipenem, amikacin and gentamicin (Oxoid); Campylobacter spp. were tested for ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, tetracycline, erythromycin and doxycycline (Oxoid); and Aeromonas spp. were tested for cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, cefazolin, cefuroxime, imipenem, amikacin and gentamicin (Oxoid). ATCC 25922, 35218, 700603 and 27853 were used as quality control strains. Antibiotic susceptibility was interpreted according to CLSI guidelines, 2015 [20 ].
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2

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Enterobacterales and S. aureus

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For all Enterobacterales and S. aureus, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar according to the 2019 European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines (EUCAST: EUCAST, 2019 ). Enterobacterales were tested against ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, tigecycline and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (all Oxoid, Basingstoke, United Kingdom). ciprofloxacin resistance was defined as a MIC > 0.06 mg/L for S. enterica, confirmed by E-test (Oxoid, Basingstoke, United Kingdom) and a MIC > 1 mg/L for other Enterobacterales. A positive ESBL phenotype was confirmed by the double-disk diffusion test with cefotaxime and ceftazidime alone and in combination with clavulanic acid (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Sparks, MD, United States) as described before by the EUCAST (EUCAST, 2020 : Resistance mechanisms). S. aureus isolates were tested against penicillin, cefoxitin, clindamycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, tigecycline, gentamicin, rifampicin, linezolid, teicoplanin and vancomycin (all Oxoid, Basingstoke, United Kingdom).
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3

Generating Antibiotic-Resistant Pneumococcus

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Amplified fragments from genomic DNA of the FQ-resistant S. pneumoniae strains encoding each of the non-WT gyrA or parC gene allele and 3 Kb of its flanking regions necessary for the integration by double crossover were used to transform the S. pneumoniae D39 strain. All the primer sequences used in this study are listed in SI Appendix, Table S3. Transformation was performed using a saturating concentration of 1 μg/mL of amplified DNA and 0.1 μg/mL synthetic competence stimulating peptide 1 (CSP-1; GenScript), as previously described (36 (link)). Putative single-allele gyrA (gx) and parC (py) mutants were selected on TSYA plates supplemented with 0.5 mg/L sparfloxacin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) or 4 mg/L ciprofloxacin (Acros Organics), respectively. Double-allele (gxpy) mutants were generated by transforming the generated parC mutants with the respective gyrA non-WT alleles and selecting on TSYA plates supplemented with 12 mg/L ciprofloxacin (Acros Organics). GyrA and parC allelic replacements in the transformants were confirmed by PCR and Sanger sequencing.
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4

Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling

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Resistance to penicillin G, clindamycin, gentamicin, fusidic acid, erythromycin, trimethoprim, sulphamethoxazole and tetracycline was tested using an M43 Mastring (Mast Group Ltd, Bootle, UK) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, bacteria were cultured for 16 h in THYE broth, and suspensions of cells (100 µl) were spread over the surface of solidified THYE medium. A Mastring was placed on the plate, and incubated for 48 h at 37 °C. The zone of diffusion was measured. Strains were considered resistant if zones of clearance were <1 mm, intermediate where zones were 1–5 mm and sensitive if zones were >5 mm. A similar disk diffusion test was used to assess resistance to ciprofloxacin, using individual disks impregnated with 0.002 µg/ml ciprofloxacin (MA0104, Thermo Fisher).
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5

Culturing Diverse Cell Lines for Research

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H9C2 and HSkM cell lines, derived from muscle tissues, the epithelial Vero C-76 cells, and the fibroblast (MEF) cells were maintained following the manufacturer's conditions of culture as follows: H9c2 (rat embryonic cardiomyocyte cells) (ATCC® CRL1446 ™) were cultured at 37 °C and 5% CO2 in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) (Gibco®) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 U. mL−1 penicillin + streptomycin (Gibco®), ciprofloxacin 5 μg.ml−1 (Roemmers®); HSkM (Human Skeletal Muscle cells), generously donated by Dr. George Truskey (University of. Duke, NC, USA), were cultured at 37 °C and 5% CO2 in DMEM low glucose (Gibco®) supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 U. mL−1 penicillin + streptomycin (Gibco®), ciprofloxacin 5 μg. mL−1 (Roemmers®) and SKGM-SINGLE-QUOT-KIT SUPPL & GROWTH FACTORS (sparing insulin) (Lonza®); Vero C-76 cells (ATCC® TL-1456) (African green monkey kidney cells) were cultured at 37 °C and 5% CO2 with DMEM (Gibco®) supplemented with 3% FBS, 100 U. mL−1 penicillin + streptomycin (Gibco®), ciprofloxacin 5 μg. mL−1 (Roemmers®); MEF cells (Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts) were cultured at 37 °C and 5% CO2 with DMEM supplemented with 3% fetal bovine serum, 100 U. mL−1 penicillin + streptomycin (Gibco®), and ciprofloxacin 5 μg. mL−1 (Roemmers®).
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6

Antibiotic Susceptibility of E. coli and P. aeruginosa

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Pure colonies from each sample with E. coli and P. aeruginosa contamination were randomly selected for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Pure isolates of E. coli, and P. aeruginosa were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using the Kirby–Bauer Disc Diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton agar, as recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines [23 ]. Zones of inhibition were measured in millimeters and recorded for each antibiotic.
Antibiotics used for E. coli isolates included amoxicillin–clavulanate (20/10 µg), aztreonam (30 µg), ertapenem (10 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), chloramphenicol (20/10 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), cefuroxime (30 µg), ceftriaxone (30 µg) and trimethoprim–sulphamethoxazole (1.25/23.75 µg) (Oxoid, Hampshire, UK). For P. aeruginosa, piperacillin–tazobactam (100/10µg), aztreonam (30 µg), gentamicin (10 µg) and ciprofloxacin (5 µg) (Oxoid, Hampshire, UK) were used.
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7

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Pseudomonas Strains

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PA14 and PAO1 were grown in BSM supplemented with either 40 mM succinate or oxaloacetate to an OD600 of 1.8–2.0. Then 200 μl of cultures were plated on agar plates containing the respective media and filter discs were applied on top with the following antibiotic concentrations: cefepime (Sigma), 60 μg; colistin (Oxoid), 25 μg; ciprofloxacin (Oxoid), 5 μg; gentamicin (Roth), 120 μg. The filter discs for colistin and ciprofloxacin were purchased commercially (Oxoid), the other discs were self-made. The plates were incubated at 37°C. The diameter of the growth inhibition zones was measured and normalized to that obtained on BSM-succinate, which was set to 100%.
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8

Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Protocol

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Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was performed using the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to the clinical laboratory standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines [34 ]. The following antimicrobial drugs were employed for Gram-positive bacteria (GPB): penicillin (10 μg), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (1.25/23.75 μg), clindamycin (2 μg), erythromycin (15 μg), gentamycin (10 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), tetracycline (30 μg), doxycycline (30 μg) and chloramphenicol (30 μg) (Oxoid, England) and for Gram-negative bacteria (GNB): amikacin (30 μg), tobramycin (10 μg), ampicillin (10 μg), amoxicillin/clavulanate (30 μg), meropenem (10 μg), gentamycin (10 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), tetracycline (30 μg), doxycycline (30 μg) and chloramphenicol (30 μg) (Oxoid, England). The sensitivity test results were interpreted according to the CLSI 2018 [34 ]. Reference strains from Ethiopian Public Health Institute, E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 25923 were used for quality control.
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9

Preparation of Ophthalmic Drug Solutions

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Fluorescein (Fluka Analytical, 32615-25G-R) was prepared at 10 mM (3.32 mg/mL) in nanopure water. Then, 1 M sodium hydroxide was slowly added until it fully dissolved, then the pH was brought back to 8.5 ± 0.5 with 1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl). This 100× solution was stored at −20 °C until use and diluted to 100 µm with PBS prior to testing. dexamethasone 21-phosphate disodium (DSP) (Alfa Aesar, J64083, Haverhill, MA, USA) was prepared at 2.63 mg·mL−1 (equivalent to 0.2% w/v dexamethasone) in PBS. ciprofloxacin HCl monohydrate (Alfa Aesar, J61970, Haverhill, MA, USA) was prepared at 2.33 mg·mL−1 (equivalent to 0.2% w/v ciprofloxacin) in PBS, and the pH was reduced to 3.5 ± 0.5 with 1 M HCl to solubilize. gentamicin sulfate (Acros Organics, 61398-010, Waltham, MA, USA) was prepared at 3.62 mg·mL−1 (equivalent to 0.3% w/v gentamicin) in PBS. The concentration of each drug (except fluorescein, which was chosen arbitrarily) was selected to match the currently available clinical formulations for each.
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10

Antibacterial Agents Sourcing Protocol

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Antibacterial agents were from Sigma-Aldrich (Poole, UK) with the following exceptions; ciprofloxacin (Alfa Aesar, Lancashire, UK), vancomycin (Cayman Chemical, Michigan, USA), daptomycin (Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Massachusetts, USA) and nisin (Duchefa Biochemie, Haarlem, Netherlands). Radiolabelled chemicals were from PerkinElmer (Waltham, Massachusetts, USA); unless otherwise stated, all other chemicals were from Sigma-Alrdich.
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