Sesamol

Sesamol (purity 98%), arbutin, l-DOPA, dl-dithiothreitol, H-89 dihydrochloride hydrate, LY294002, PD98059, and SB203580 were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). α-MSH was acquired from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). An antibody recognizing MC1R was obtained from Millipore Corporation (Billerica, MA, USA). Antibodies recognizing AKT and phospho-AKT were obtained from GeneTex, Inc. (Irvine, CA, USA). Other primary and secondary antibodies were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). All other chemicals and reagents used in this work were high-quality and commercially obtainable.

Sesamol, anti-β-actin antibody, ketamine, and hematoxylin and eosin were procured from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO, USA). A protein quantification kit was from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, CA, USA). The anti-cAMP-responsive element modulator-τ (CREMτ) antibody, horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody, and enhanced chemiluminescence detection reagents were supplied by Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). A malondialdehyde analyzing kit was purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing City, China). Other reagents used in the study were high grade and commercially available.

Sesamol (98% purity), 2-Amino-2-norbornanecarboxylic acid (BCH) (98% purity), L-dopa (98% purity), L-tyrosine (99% purity), and melphalan (95% purity) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). L-Leucine (99% purity) and L-alanine (99% purity) were purchased from TCI Chemicals (Tokyo, Japan). Methanol HPLC grade was purchased from RCI Labscan (Bangkok, Thailand). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) biological grade was purchased from PenReac AppliChem (Barcelona, Spain). The reagents and culture media including Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium of high glucose (DMEM), Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) without Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ supplemented, and penicillin and streptomycin were purchased from GIBCO^®, Invitrogen (Grand Island, NY, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from GE Life Sciences (Parramatta, Australia). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were from RCI Labscan (Bangkok, Thailand).

Sesamol and LPS were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). All other chemicals obtained were research grade.

Standard sesamin (PubChem CID: 72307, purity ≥ 98%) and Sesamolin (PubChem CID: 101746, purity ≥ 98%) were purchased from Biopurity Phytochemicals Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Sesamol (PubChem CID: 68289, purity ≥ 97%) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich Corp., Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). L-Asarinin (PubChem CID: 1869417, purity ≥ 98%) was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (TRC, North York, ON, Canada). Standard α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols (PubChem CID: 14985, 6857447, 92729, and 92094, respectively, purity ≥ 95%) were purchased from Eisai Food & Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Standard phytosterols (PubChem CID: 87575667, purity ≥ 95%) and squalene (PubChem CID: 637072, purity ≥ 98%) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). HPLC-grade solvents including n-hexane (PubChem CID: 8058), tetrahydrofuran (PubChem CID: 8028), acetonitrile (PubChem CID: 6342), and 2-propanol (PubChem CID: 3776) were purchased from RCI Labscan Co., Ltd. (Bangkok, Thailand).

M199 media, Roswell park memorial institute (RPMI) 1640 media, penicillin-streptomycin antibiotic cocktail, and Fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from GIBCO (Life Technologies). Miltefosine and MTT reagents were purchased from Cayman Chemical and Merck, respectively. Propidium iodide (PI), Annexin-V/FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) apoptosis kit, H₂DCFDA dye, JC-1dye, MitoSOX red, and TUNEL assay kit were procured from Invitrogen (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Sesamol was purchased from Sigma Aldrich and dissolved in DMSO to yield a stock solution (10 mM).