N methyl 2 pyrrolidone nmp

To study the electrochemical performance of Li/LiFePO₄ batteries, 2032 coin cells were assembled. The anode was PEO-DLSL and planar Li foil, respectively. For preparing the working cathode, PEO-SPE was first made by mixing PEO and LiTFSI in anhydrous acetonitrile (Energy Chemical, www.energy-chemical.com) and used as a binder. Then, LiFePO₄ (MTI Inc.) powder, super-P acetylene black (Alfa Aesar), and PEO-SPE were mixed at a weight ratio of 80:10:10 in the N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, Sigma-Aldrich) solvent to form a uniform slurry. Afterward, the slurry was casted on an Al-carbon foil (MTI) by a doctor blade and dried at 60 °C in vacuum. The diameter of the electrode slices was 11 mm with active material loading of ~2.4 mg cm⁻². The electrolyte was PEO-LiTFSI SPEs. The operating temperature was 60 °C. The rate capability test was carried out on a Land multichannel test system with different current densities between 2.3 and 3.8 V (vs. Li⁺/Li).

H₂SO₄ (98%), H₂O₂ (35%), and HCl (5%) were purchased from Dae-Jung (Suwon, Korea). Graphite flakes, NaBH₄, nickel (II) nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O), cobalt (II) nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O), urea, thiourea, ammonium fluoride (NH₄F), KOH, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). All of these materials were used without any further purification.

Analytical grade mercaptosuccinic acid powder (TCI, Japan), 1-hexadecanethiol (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA), tin(II) chloride (SnCl₂, Mallinckrodt Baker Inc., Phillipsburg, NJ, USA), trifluoroacetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) gamma-butyrolactone (GBL, Acros Organics Co. Belgium), methanol (BNOChem, South Korea), PEI (Sigma-Aldrich), nitric acid (HNO₃, Sigma-Aldrich), formaldehyde (HCHO, Sigma-Aldrich), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, Sigma-Aldrich), silver nitrate (AgNO₃, Sigma-Aldrich), sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃, Sigma-Aldrich), and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃, Junsei Chemical Co. Japan) were used as received. A 2000-mesh square Cu grid was purchased from Gilder Grids (UK) and used as a mask. The walls of the grid were 5 µm thick, and the openings were 7.5 µm × 7.5 µm in size. Oromerse gold electroless plating solution was purchased from Technic Inc. (Cranston, RI, USA).

Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were used for the experiments. These mice were maintained at 22 °C under a 12-h light-dark cycle. Animal experiments were performed from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m., which is light phage of the cycle. Animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Chungnam National University (Ethical approval number, 201903A-CNU-46). Eight-week-old male mice were intraperitoneally injected with SCE, AA, or a mixture of SCE and AA (10 mg/kg per injection) three times at 24-h intervals. Control (CN) mice were injected with saline and an equal amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP; Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA) as the SCE-injection group. Behavioral testing was performed after injection. We used five mice per group for behavior tests. We performed Western blotting three times independently with different samples.

Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) and graphite based electrodes served as the cathode and anode for the battery, respectively. Slurry for the cathode was a mixture of 80 wt% LCO (MTI Corp.), 7.5 wt% graphite (KS6, Timcal), 2.5 wt% carbon black (Super P, Timcal) and 10 wt% polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, Kureha Corp.) and for the anode was a mixture of 84 wt% graphite, 4 wt% carbon black and 13 wt% PVDF. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, Sigma Aldrich) was used to dissolve the PVDF binder and disperse the slurry. The slurries were homogenized by stirring overnight with a vortex mixer. A 0.0005” thick stainless steel foil and 10 μm nickel foil served as the current collectors for the cathode and anode, respectively. The inks were printed on the current collector with a doctor blade at a print speed of 20 mm/s. The electrodes were heated in an oven at 80 °C for 2 hr to remove the solvent. The height of the electrode after drying was ~60 μm resulting in theoretical capacity of 1.65 mAh/cm² based on the weight of the active material. The electrodes were cut to a dimension of 1.3 × 1.3 cm² and heated overnight in a vacuum oven at 140 °C before sealing them with aluminum-laminated pouch in nitrogen filled glove box. Polypropylene based membrane separated with anode and cathode and a solution of 1M LiPF₆ in EC/DEC (1:1) served as the electrolyte for the battery.