The biochemical composition of the stone was established after spontaneous passage, operation or shock wave lithotripsy. Stone analysis was based on infrared spectroscopy, which determines the molecular and crystalline composition of the stone. Infrared spectroscopy [15 ] is the spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, that is light with a longer wavelength and lower frequency than visible light. It covers a range of techniques, mostly based on absorption spectroscopy. As with all spectroscopic techniques, it can be used to identify and study chemicals. A common laboratory instrument that uses this technique is a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. We used PerkinElmer Spectrum 100 FTIR Spectrometer (PerkinElmer, Shelton, USA) to analyse urinary stones after passage or operation.
Spectrum 100 ftir spectrometer
Manufactured by PerkinElmer
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Japan
The Spectrum 100 FTIR spectrometer is a high-performance Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer designed for analytical applications. It utilizes infrared radiation to identify and analyze the chemical composition of samples. The device measures the absorption of infrared light by the sample, generating a spectrum that can be used to determine the presence and concentration of specific compounds.
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355 protocols using spectrum 100 ftir spectrometer
1
Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of Urinary Stones
2
ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy of Samples
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ATR-FTIR analysis was carried
out using a PerkinElmer Spectrum 100 FTIR Spectrometer (Shelton).
Measurements were performed covering the vibrational range of 600
to 4000 cm–1 at a resolution of 4 cm–1, averaging 16 scans for each sample.
out using a PerkinElmer Spectrum 100 FTIR Spectrometer (Shelton).
Measurements were performed covering the vibrational range of 600
to 4000 cm–1 at a resolution of 4 cm–1, averaging 16 scans for each sample.
3
Comprehensive Characterization of AgNPs Synthesized from Convolvulus arvensis
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The extracted AgNPs were characterized using various analytical and imaging techniques. FT-IR spectra of newly developed C. arvensis AgNPs were recorded at a wavelength range of 4000‒500 cm−1 with 64 scans at a resolution of 4.0 cm−1 (PerkinElmer Spectrum 100 FTIR spectrometer, PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). The samples were pressed with dried KBr and analyzed as a pellet and assigned peak numbers. An X-ray diffractometer (D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer, Bruker AXS, Karlsruhe, Germany) was used to record the X-ray diffractogram of C. arvensis AgNPs using the following working conditions, i.e., 40 kV voltage, 30 mA current, and 2θ° angles. SEM (JSM 7800F, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) with an accelerating voltage of 5 kV was used to analyze the surface morphology of C. arvensis AgNPs. The test samples (C. arvensis AgNPs) were mounted onto the surface of silicon chips and coated with gold using a gold sputtering device. The operating conditions were as follows: accelerated voltage (5 kV), pressure (7 × 10−2 bar), and deposition current (20 mA). An energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) detector was used to record the elemental profile of newly developed C. arvensis AgNPs. For TEM analysis, C. arvensis AgNPs were placed onto the carbon-coated copper grid and envisaged using TEM (Tecnai G2 Spirit Biotwin FEI Company, Hillsboro, OR, USA).
4
FTIR Spectroscopic Characterization of Films
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The films were structurally characterised using a Perkin-Elmer spectrum 100 FTIR spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer, UK) equipped with diamond-attenuated total reflectance (ATR) scanning accessory. The spectra were recorded from 4000 -500 cm -1 at a resolution of 4 cm -1 and scan frequency of 32 scans.
5
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Silk Proteins
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Example 4
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was acquired using a PerkinElmer Spectrum 100 FTIR spectrometer (USA) equipped with a diamond crystal attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory. The transmittance spectra were collected at 25° C. over the range of 4000-500 cm−1 with 16 scans at a resolution of 4 cm−1. To examine the secondary structure of the silk proteins, the Amide I region was used. The absorbance spectra of the Amide I region (1580-1750 cm−1) was deconvoluted using Origin Pro 2016 (OriginLab Corp.). To this end, absorption spectra's were baseline corrected and fitted with Gaussian-like peaks with a half-bandwidth of 25 cm−1 using the PeakFit routine function within the Origin software. The results of FTIR analysis is shown in
6
Spectroscopic Characterization of Organic Compounds
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All chemicals and anhydrous solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Merck, Alfa Aesar and TCI and used without further purification. FT-IR spectra were obtained by using Perkin Elmer Spectrum 100 FT-IR spectrometer. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR and 13 C-NMR) spectra of compounds were recorded using a Bruker Advance III 300 MHz spectrometer in DMSO-d6 and TMS as an internal standard operating at 300 MHz for 1H-NMR and 75 MHz for 13 C-NMR. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out on Merck silica gel 60 F254 plates.
7
Pyridine-Probed FT-IR Catalyst Analysis
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FT-IR measurements were carried out with pyridine probe. A PerkinElmer Spectrum 100 FT-IR spectrometer was used for recording the spectra. 10 ± 1 mg of catalyst were introduced in a 10 mL vial under argon. Dichloromethane (2 mL) was added followed by pyridine (100 μL) and the resulting mixture was stirred by a vortex during 1 min. Surplus pyridine was adsorbed, and the samples were degassed for 15 min at 25°C under an argon flux. A sample of the resulting powder (5 ± 1 mg) was picked up in order to record a first spectrum. The samples were then degassed for 25 min at 150°C (10−3 Pa) to eliminate the physisorbed pyridine. A second spectrum was then recorded with 5 ± 1 mg of the resulting powder.
8
NMR, IR, and GC-MS Characterization
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NMR spectra were recorded on a Brüker Avance 300 spectrometer at room temperature, 1H frequency is at 300 MHz, 13C frequency is at 75 MHz. IR spectra were recorded on a PerkinElmer Spectrum 100 FT-IR spectrometer, in ATR mode. GC-MS analyses were performed on a Shimadzu QP2010SE apparatus, equipped with a 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm ZB-5MSi Guardian column (Phenomenex®) with hydrogen as carrier gas.
9
ATR-FTIR Characterization of Hydrogel Xerogels
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The ATR-FTIR spectra were obtained using a Spectrum 100 FTIR spectrometer (PerkinElmer, USA) fitted with a 1 mm diamond-ZnSe crystal. Xerogels were made in situ by applying nitrogen flow to one drop of the pre-formed hydrogels (2%w/v) which was place on the ATR-crystal. The spectra of xerogels 2 –4 , 6 , 7 , 9 , and 10 were recorded from 4000 to 650 cm−1 with a 4 cm−1 resolution and 4 scans.
The spectra of D2O gels were measured by applying two drops of pre-formed gels at 2%w/v on the ATR crystal which was then recorded from 4000 to 650 cm−1 with a 4 cm−1 resolution and 4 scans.
The spectra of D2O gels were measured by applying two drops of pre-formed gels at 2%w/v on the ATR crystal which was then recorded from 4000 to 650 cm−1 with a 4 cm−1 resolution and 4 scans.
10
Thermogravimetric Analysis and FTIR Spectroscopy
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Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements were performed in a PerkinElmer Pyris Diamond TG/DTA analyzer (Waltham, MA, USA) under a protective nitrogen atmosphere. The temperature ranged from 50–500 °C with a heating rate of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 °C/min, respectively. TG/IR analysis was performed with a TG/IR system, which combined with a PerkinElmer Pyris Diamond TG/DTA analyzer and a PerkinElmer Spectrum 100 FTIR spectrometer (Waltham, MA, USA). Samples of about 10 mg were pyrolysed in the TG analyzer and the evolved gases were led to the FTIR spectrometer directly through a connected heated gas line to obtain three dimensional FTIR spectra. The flow rate of N2 is 10 mL/min. The aluminum pans are used for the samples. The temperature of the heated transfer line is 200 °C. The heating rate for taking TGA/FTIR spectra is 10 °C /min. The operating conditions of the FTIR had a frequency range of 4000–400 cm−1, a resolution of 2.0 cm−1, and a scan rate of 1.0 scan/s.
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