IA (Junsei Chemical, Tokyo, Japan) and VSA (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA) were used as monomers, while sodium hydroxide (NaOH, Samchun Pure Chemical, Pyeongtaek, Korea) was used as a neutralizing agent. Ammonium persulfate (APS, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA) served as the initiator. Tetra (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (TTEGDA, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA) and ethylene carbonate (EC, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA) were used as the internal and surface-crosslinking agents, respectively. Methanol, ethanol, and acetone (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA) were analytical grade and used as received.
Ammonium persulfate ap
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy, Poland, China, Belgium, India
Ammonium persulfate (APS) is a white crystalline compound commonly used as an oxidizing agent and initiator in various chemical processes. It is a salt of persulfuric acid, composed of ammonium and persulfate ions. APS is a widely utilized reagent in laboratory settings, particularly in the fields of biochemistry and molecular biology.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (19 mentions)
N n methylenebisacrylamide bis, by Merck Group (15 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (13 mentions)
N n n n tetramethylethylenediamine temed, by Merck Group (11 mentions)
Acrylic acid, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Acrylamide, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds), by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
N isopropylacrylamide nipam, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Temed, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
N n methylenebis acrylamide mba, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Tetramethylethylenediamine temed, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Aniline, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
N n methylenebisacrylamide, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Tetraethyl orthosilicate teos, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Hydrogen peroxide h2o2, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Potassium permanganate kmno4, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Ammonia solution nh4oh, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
146 protocols using ammonium persulfate ap
1
Synthesis of Hydrogel Polymeric Materials
2
Synthesis of Polymer-Dye Composites
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Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3), basic alumina (Al2O3), aniline (ANI), ferric chloride (FeCl3), methyl orange (MO), tartrazine (TTZ), amaranth (ART), methylene blue (MB), and methyl violet (MV) with analytical purity were purchased from Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Styrene (St), methyl methacrylate (MMA), acrylic acid (AA), and ammonium persulfate (APS) with analytical purity were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MI, USA). HCl, NaOH, Na3PO4, CuSO4·5H2O, Mg(NO3)2·6H2O, and NaCl (A.R.) were provided by Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd., Shantou, China. The water used in all the experiments was deionized water, which was prepared with a water purification system (AXLM1820). Styrene was purified with a basic alumina chromatographic column before use, ANI was refined by vacuum distillation under N2 protection, and other materials were used without further purification.
3
Polymerization and Membrane Filtration Protocol
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The monomers 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA, Sigma Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA, Sigma Aldrich) were stored for 24 h at 5 °C with inhibitor remover for hydroquinone (Sigma Aldrich) before use. Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN, Sigma Aldrich), methacryloyl chloride (MAC, Sigma Aldrich), methyl iodide (Sigma Aldrich), ammonium persulfate (APS, Sigma Aldrich), tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED, Sigma Aldrich), tetrahydrofuran (THF, Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany), n-hexane (Fisher Scientific), ethanol (Fisher Scientific), triethylamine (TEA, TCI Chemicals Deutschland, Eschborn, Germany), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, Sigma Aldrich), potassium chloride (KCl, Sigma Aldrich), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4, Sigma Aldrich), myoglobin (Myo, Sigma Aldrich), and bovine serum albinum (BSA, Sigma Aldrich) were all used as received. Proteins were dissolved in 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline (1 g/L) and pH was adjusted to the isoelectric point (IEP) of BSA (pH 4.8) or Myo (pH 7) with 1 M HCl. 1,3-Propane sultone (PS, Sigma Aldrich) was heated with hot water above its melting point (31 °C) before used in liquid form. Commercially available PA TFC flat-sheet membranes NF270 (DuPont, Neu Isenburg, Germany) were cut in circular shape (diameter 48 mm) before used in dead-end mode filtration cells.
4
Development of Hydrogel-based Biosensors
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was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Acrylamide (Aam) (CAS 79-06-1), N-tert-butylacrylamide (TBAm) (CAS 107-58-4), N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS) (CAS 110-26-9), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) (CAS 868-77-9), N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) (CAS 110-18-9), ammonium persulfate (APS) (CAS 7727-54-0), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (CAS 151- 21-3), and phosphate buffer solution 15 mM prepared from 1 M stock solution obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany).
Milli-Q water ((Milli-Q®, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) was used as washing solvent and to prepare phosphate buffer solution 15 mM from the more concentrated stock solution. The human serum albumin (BSA) (CAS 9048-46-8), trypsin (CAS 9002-07-7), and ethanol 96% (CAS 64-17-5) were from Sigma-Aldrich.
Glycerin used to prepare solutions for sensors’ optical characterization was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany).
Milli-Q water ((Milli-Q®, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) was used as washing solvent and to prepare phosphate buffer solution 15 mM from the more concentrated stock solution. The human serum albumin (BSA) (CAS 9048-46-8), trypsin (CAS 9002-07-7), and ethanol 96% (CAS 64-17-5) were from Sigma-Aldrich.
Glycerin used to prepare solutions for sensors’ optical characterization was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany).
5
Fabrication of Hydrogel Electrodes and Dielectric Elastomer Membranes
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The soft fish body was made of commercial silicone elastomer (SYLGARD 184, heat-cured). The materials used for fabricating hydrogel electrodes are all commercial grades: acrylamide (Sigma-Aldrich), N,N′-methylenebis (acrylamide) (BIS; Sigma-Aldrich), ammonium persulfate (APS; Sigma-Aldrich), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED; Sigma-Aldrich), and lithium chloride (LiCl). For making the hydrogel, acrylamide (2 g) and LiCl (0.1 g) were dissolved in 10 ml of deionized water, and BIS (0.001 g) and APS (0.02 g) were subsequently added into the solution. Next, 20 μl of TEMED was added, and the final solution was poured into a mold and cured for 30 min with ultraviolet light to form the conductive hydrogel membrane. The DE membranes (initial thickness, 1.5 mm) consist of two DE membranes stacked together (3M VHB 4910 and 4905 membranes). Silicone adhesive glue (Dow Corning 734) was used for the sealing and gluing. More details of the fabrication and assembly can be found in figs. S1 to S5.
6
Synthesis of Alginate-PVA Hydrogel Composite
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Sodium alginate from brown algae (SA; M. weight = 216.12 g/moL, Purity ≥ 98) was obtained from Meilune biological company (Dalian, China). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA; M. weight = 85000–124,000, 87–89% hydrolyzed), acrylic acid (AA; M. weight = 72.06 g/moL), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA; M. weight = 198.22 g/moL), and ammonium persulfate (APS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, USA). Gallic acid (GA; M. weight = 170.12 g/moL) and sodium bisulfite (SHS) were obtained from Shanghai Aladdin biochemical technology, China. Deionized water was freshly prepared in the laboratory for use throughout the study.
7
Fabrication of Adhesive Zwitterionic Hydrogels
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PAA (average Mw = 250,000), zwitterionic monomer 3-dimethyl(methacryloyloxyethyl) ammonium propane sulfonate (DMAPS), poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (Mw = 575), acrylic acid, and ammonium persulfate (APS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. The IL (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate) was obtained from TCI Co. (Shanghai). Alginate, CaCl2, DMF, ethanol, and n-hexane were purchased from Aladdin Chemical Co. Acetone was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. The high-adhesion dielectric tape VHB (4905) is purchased from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co., whose full name is “Very High Bond”.
8
Synthesis of PANI Nanofibers via Interfacial Polymerization
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Ammonium persulfate (APS, 98%) and aniline (99%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Water-dispersible graphene flakes were purchased from MExplorer Co., Ltd. (Ansan, Republic of Korea). The graphene flake paste had a density of 25 mg/mL, while the average thickness and lateral size of the graphene sheets were about <5 nm and 2–3 μm, respectively. The ABS-like resin solution (Carima ABS) was purchased from Carima (Seoul, Republic of Korea). Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 35–37%), ethanol (95%), acetone (99%), and isopropyl alcohol (IPA, 99.9%) were purchased from Daejung Chemical & Metals Co., Ltd. (Siheung, Republic of Korea). The PANI nanofibers used in this experiment were synthesized by a modified interfacial polymerization method [17 ,18 (link),19 (link),20 (link)]. A mixture solution was prepared by mixing a 1M aqueous HCl solution (200 mL) with 400 mL of CHCl3. Then, 55 mmol of aniline was added to the 1M HCl/CHCl3 (1M HCl/CHCl3 = 1:2, by volume) mixture, followed by vigorous stirring for 1 h. Then, 26.5 mmol of APS was added to the reaction medium and reacted at 3 °C for 9 h to obtain the PANI precipitates. The as-prepared PANI precipitates were washed with water, ethanol, and acetone.
9
Synthesis of Polymer-Based Conductive Hydrogels
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The chemicals purchased are used without further purification. Acrylic acid (99%), ammonium persulfate (APS) (98%), N N’-methylene bis(acrylamide) (MBAA) (99%), acrylamide (99%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (99%), N-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC·HCl), and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) (98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. PEDOT:PSS aqueous solution (Clevios™ PH1000, 1.0–1.3% solid content) was purchased from Heraeus Electronic Materials.
10
Antimicrobial Hydrogel Synthesis and Evaluation
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Sodium alginate from brown algae (MW: 216.12 g/moL, Purity ≥ 98), Hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HP-βCD; MW: 1541.5 g/moL), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and Cefepime HCL were acquired from meilune biological company (Dalian, China). 2-Acrylamido -2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS; MW: 207.25 g/moL), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA; MW: 198.22 g/moL), and ammonium persulfate (APS) were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Sodium bisulfite (SHS) was obtained from Shanghai Aladdin biochemical technology (Shanghai, China).
Bacterial strains, such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus: ATCC25923HBJZ005), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa: ATCC27853HBJZ017), and Escherichia coli (E. coli: ATCC25922HBJZ087), were procured from Qingdao Hope Biotechnology, Co., Ltd. (Qingdao, China).
Bacterial strains, such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus: ATCC25923HBJZ005), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa: ATCC27853HBJZ017), and Escherichia coli (E. coli: ATCC25922HBJZ087), were procured from Qingdao Hope Biotechnology, Co., Ltd. (Qingdao, China).
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