To measure the As content of the fruit samples, a 300 mg aliquot of powdered material was digested in 15 mL 14.6 M HNO3 for 60 min at 165 °C following Marmiroli et al. [31 (link)]. The resulting solution was subsequently diluted to 6.7 M HNO3 using distilled water. The absorbance of each sample was read using an AA240FS device (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) equipped with a Varian VGA 77 vapor generator assembly. The absorbance, captured at 189 nm, was converted into an As concentration based on a standard curve generated from a serial dilution of a 10,000 ppm standard solution. All analyses were performed in triplicate. The As concentration of the soil, tap water and blood meal, measured in the same way, lay consistently below the detection limit (BDL), defined as 0.001 μg g−1.
Vga 77
Manufactured by Agilent Technologies
Sourced in Australia, United States
The VGA 77 is a variable gain amplifier designed for signal conditioning applications. It offers adjustable gain control to optimize signal levels. The device features low noise and wide bandwidth performance.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Gta 120, by Agilent Technologies (2 mentions)
Aa240fs, by Agilent Technologies (2 mentions)
Analyst 200, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Spectraa 220fs, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Hp 5ms column, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Spectraa 240fs, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Nitric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Membrane filter, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Nicolet 6700 ft ir instrument, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Varian 240fs, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
11 protocols using vga 77
1
Determination of Arsenic Content in Fruit Samples
2
Analytical Determination of Mercury and Cadmium
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Samples were analyzed using an Atomic absorption Spectrophotometer (Varian 240 FS, Mulgrave, Australia). THg was analyzed using the cold vapor generation accessory (Varian VGA-77) and Cd was analyzed with the support of a graphite tube atomizer (Varian GTA-120). Standard solutions were prepared from 1000 mg/L stock solutions (Fluka, Switzerland) with appropriate dilution. All of the instrumental parameters were set according to the manufacturer's recommended procedure.
Duplicate sample analysis and certified Quality Control Samples (CQM) were used to verify the analytical method. Canned fish offal, T/07243, and canned crab meat, T/07279QC from the Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme, FAPAS, Sand Hutton, York, UK were used, and the results are given inTable 1 . The Limit of Quantification (LOQ) was 0.07 mg/kg and 0.006 mg/kg wet weight for THg and Cd, respectively. In the THg and Cd analysis, the precision is expressed as the relative standard deviation of three replicate samples and the value was maintained at less than 10%.Table 1
Duplicate sample analysis and certified Quality Control Samples (CQM) were used to verify the analytical method. Canned fish offal, T/07243, and canned crab meat, T/07279QC from the Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme, FAPAS, Sand Hutton, York, UK were used, and the results are given in
Obtained ±SD and certified concentrations (μg/kg, wet weight) in certified quality control materials (CQM).
| CQM | THg | Cd | |
|---|---|---|---|
| T/07243 | Certified | 707 (469–946) | 800 (535–1065) |
| Obtained | 722.55 ± 50.58 | 782.40 ± 70.41 | |
| T/07279 | Certified | 106 (59–152) | 7.55 (5.76–9.33) |
| Obtained | 107.48 ± 6.45 | 7.40 ± 0.59 | |
mg/kg, SD – standard deviation.
3
Quantitative Analysis of Heavy Metals
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The determination of Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in the digested samples was carried out by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Perkin Elmer analyst 200, Norwalk, CT), while Hg was quantified by using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (Varian VGA-77).
4
Arsenic Quantification in Plants and Soil
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Plant tissue As concentration was obtained using hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS). Following Marmiroli et al. (2014) (link), root, leaf, fruit and soil samples were oven-dried, and ground to powder. A 300 mg (dry weight) aliquot of the powdered plant material was digested in 15 mL 14.6 M HNO3 for 60 min at 165°C. The resulting solution was subsequently diluted to 6.7 M HNO3 using distilled water. The soil samples were digested in 20 mL 14.6 M HNO3 / 10 mL 30% H2O2 for 60 min at 165°C, followed by 15 min at 230°C. The absorbance of each sample was read at 189 nm using a AA240FS instrument (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, United States) equipped with vapor generator assembly (Varian VGA 77). The absorbances were converted into As concentrations via a standard curve based on a 10,000 ppm standard solution of high purity (>99%) As (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, United States). All analyses were performed in triplicate. Arsenic concentration was measured in soil, tap water and blood meal following the same method.
5
Selenium Determination in Leaves
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Total Se concentration was determined in oven-dried ground leaves by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry HG-AAS (SpectrAA 220 FS with hydride vapor generation accessory VGA 77, Varian) after mineralization of vegetative samples through autoclave decomposition under pressure [37 ]. Blank glass tubes contained all the chemical reagents without plant material or selenium standard solution. Total selenium concentration was expressed as μg per gram dry weight.
6
Analysis of Elemental Composition in Se-Enriched Fruits
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Total selenium and micro- and macro- element concentrations were determined in the fruit of Se-enriched and control plants. Collected fruit samples were oven-dried at 50 °C and then ground in a mortar. A total of 0.5 g of powder for each replicate was digested with nitric and perchloric acids. The mineral elements (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, K, Ca, Mg) were determined with a fast sequential atomic absorption spectrometer (AA240FS, Agilent). To calculate the selenium content, the digests were reduced by hydrochloric acid, following Zasoski and Burau [37 (link)], and the atomic absorption spectrometer was coupled to a hydride generator (Varian VGA 77) [38 (link)].
7
GC-MS Analysis of Botanical Extract
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To determine the extract contents, it was subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The type of GC device used was an Agilent 6890 with a HP-5MS column with a length of 30 m, internal diameter of 0.25 mm, and thickness of 0.25 µm. The column temperature plan consisted of a primary temperature of 50℃, with a 5-minute retention period and a thermal gradient of 3℃ every minute. The temperature was then increased to 180℃ with a velocity of 10℃ per minute, and then to 260℃ with a 4-minute retention period. Helium was used as the carrier gas with a 1-mL/min flow speed. The total analysis was completed in 45 minutes. The results obtained from the analysis were compared using the data present in the machine. Biochemical compounds (75) were obtained from the analysis, which was related to retention time and extraction of compounds from the extract (Table 1 ). Moreover, atomic absorption spectrometry (VGA 77; Varian Inc., Mulgrave, Australia) was used to determine the amount of selenium in the extract.
8
Quantifying Selenium in Plant Leaves
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Total selenium content was determined in oven-dried ground leaf samples after digestion with nitric and perchloric acids and reduction by hydrochloric acid [48 (link)]. The digests were analyzed by an atomic absorption spectrometer (SpectrAA 240FS, Varian Inc., Mulgrave, Australia) coupled with a hydride generation system (VGA 77, Mulgrave, Varian Inc., Australia). Glass tubes containing only the chemical reagents were used as blanks for the analytical quality controls in order to constantly monitor for Se contamination in the chemical hood.
9
Heavy Metal Analysis in Honey
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Triplicate samples of honey (0.5 g), diluted with 5 mL of nitric acid (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), were digested in a microwave (Mars Xpress, CEM, São Paulo, Brazil) as described in Table I. The digested samples were then diluted (1:1) with distilled water and used for reading.
The levels of As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg were determined via flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) (Varian AA 240, Agilent Technologies Inc., California, USA), equipped with individual hollow cathode lamps under appropriate wavelengths (Table II). For determining As and Hg levels, a steam generation accessory (VGA-77, Varian, Mulgrave, Australia) was used. Five milliliters of concentrated nitric acid with 5 mL of distilled water were used as the blank. Standard solutions of the metals at a concentration of 1000 ppm (Qhemis-Hexis, São Paulo, Brazil) were used to prepare working solutions after appropriate dilution (Table II). Distilled water was used in all dilution procedures. All reagents used were of analytical grade.
The levels of As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg were determined via flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) (Varian AA 240, Agilent Technologies Inc., California, USA), equipped with individual hollow cathode lamps under appropriate wavelengths (Table II). For determining As and Hg levels, a steam generation accessory (VGA-77, Varian, Mulgrave, Australia) was used. Five milliliters of concentrated nitric acid with 5 mL of distilled water were used as the blank. Standard solutions of the metals at a concentration of 1000 ppm (Qhemis-Hexis, São Paulo, Brazil) were used to prepare working solutions after appropriate dilution (Table II). Distilled water was used in all dilution procedures. All reagents used were of analytical grade.
10
Hg Biosorption Quantification and Analysis
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Samples of suspensions (2.0 mL) were withdrawn at fixed times and filtered through membrane filters with 0.45 m-pore diameter (Millipore, Vimodrone, Italy). The filtrate was analyzed for Hg content by an atomic absorption spectrometer, model AA240FS (Varian, Milan, Italy), provided with Vapor Generation Accessory (VGA-77, Varian, Milan, Italy).
Photosynthetic photon flux density was measured in several points over the culture surface using a type sensor quantum/photometer/radiometer, model HD-9021 Delta OHM (Li-Cor Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA).
Samples of biomass either as such or rinsed with deionized water after Hg sorption were prepared for FT-IR analysis by diluting biomass pure powder in KBr disks (1.0%, w/w) and analyzed by a Nicolet 6700 FT-IR instrument (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA) equipped with DTGS-KBr detector and OMNIC TM acquisition software. Acquisition was 100 scans for each spectrum, and resolution 2 cm -1 .
Photosynthetic photon flux density was measured in several points over the culture surface using a type sensor quantum/photometer/radiometer, model HD-9021 Delta OHM (Li-Cor Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA).
Samples of biomass either as such or rinsed with deionized water after Hg sorption were prepared for FT-IR analysis by diluting biomass pure powder in KBr disks (1.0%, w/w) and analyzed by a Nicolet 6700 FT-IR instrument (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA) equipped with DTGS-KBr detector and OMNIC TM acquisition software. Acquisition was 100 scans for each spectrum, and resolution 2 cm -1 .
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