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5 protocols using sc 6031 r

1

Western Blot Analysis of Cell Signaling Proteins

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Cells were harvested and homogenized with RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% SDS, 1% sodium deoxycholate, and protease inhibitor cocktail). Protein was denatured in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) buffer and separated with SDS-PAGE gels. Proteins were transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes and then blocked with 5% skim milk (OXOID). Membranes were incubated with primary antibody overnight at 4, and then incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody (1:10000, Novex, Carlsbad, CA) at room temperature for 1 hour. Visualization was performed with WesternBright ECL HRP (Bio-Rad). β-actin (1:500, Santa Cruz) was used as the internal control.
The same procedure was used to determine the IFT80 (1:400, PAB15842, Abnova), FGFR1 (1:1000, ab10646, Abcam), p-FGFR1 (1:1000, ab59194, Abcam), Smad1/5/8 (1:300, sc-6031-R, Santa Cruz), p-Smad1/5/8 (1:300, sc-12353-R, Santa Cruz), AKT (1:300, sc-8312, Santa Cruz), p-AKT (1:300, sc-7985-r, Santa Cruz).
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2

Immunofluorescent Staining of Larval Tissues

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Developmentally staged larvae (after euthanisation in MS222) were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (1 h), dehydrated to 100% methanol, and stored at −20 °C before staining. Immunolabeling was done as previously described [21 (link)]. Primary antibodies were anti-Smad9 (ab96698, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) used at a 1:200 dilution, anti-Col2a1 (II-II6B3, DSHB, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA) used at 1:20 and anti-GFP (chicken polyclonal, Abcam, ab13970) used at a 1:300 dilution in blocking buffer (5% horse serum). Additionally, rabbit anti-Smad1 (1:100 dilution, sc-6031-R, Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit anti-Smad5 (1:200 dilution, ab227090, Abcam), and rat anti-mCherry [16D7] (1:100 dilution, M11217, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Primary antibodies were used in 5% horse serum in 0.2% PBS-Triton-X100 blocking buffer. Secondary antibodies Alexa Fluor 488 anti-rabbit, Alexa Fluor 568 anti-chicken, Alexa Fluor 647 anti-mouse (A21206, A11041, and A31571 respectively, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), and Dylight 650 anti-Rat (SA5-10029, ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, USA) were used at a 1:500 dilution. Samples were mounted in 1% low melting point agarose and imaged as described below.
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3

Immunofluorescence Analysis of BMP Signaling

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After BMP stimulation, cells were fixed in 4% PFA at room temperature for 15 min, permeabilized using 100% methanol at −20 °C for 10 min. The cells were incubated with rabbit anti-pSMAD1/5/9 (1:800, Cat. No. 13820, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit anti-Smad1/5/9 (1:100, sc-6031-R, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) at 4 °C overnight. Alexa Fluor® 594 donkey anti-rabbit IgG (H + L) antibody (1:200, Invitrogen) were used as secondary antibody. The staining was mounted with ProLong® Gold antifade reagent with DAPI (Invitrogen). The fluorescent images were taken by Olympus DP70 camera with the same exposure time in the same experiment. The mean density in the nucleus or cytoplasm was measured using Image J.
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4

Protein Extraction and Western Blot Analysis

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Cells were washed with ice-cold 0.01 M PBS, lysed in the RIPA buffer with protease inhibitor and protein phosphatase inhibitor for 30 min on ice. Then cells were scraped and centrifuged with 12,000 rcf for 15 min. Protein concentration was determined with BCA Protein assay kit (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA). The proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred onto PVDF membrane. The primary antibodies used were Human FSTL1 Antibody (1:200, AF1694; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), GAPDH (1:3,000, #5174; Cell Signaling Technology Inc., Beverly, MA, USA), Smad2/3 (D7G7) XP® Rabbit mAb (1:1,000, #8685; Cell Signaling Technology Inc.), anti-phospho-Smad2/3 (pThr8) (1:1,000, SAB4504208; Sigma-Aldrich), anti-Smad1/5/8 antibody (1:200, sc-6031-R; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA); anti-p-Smad1/5/8 (Ser 463/Ser 465) antibody (1:200, sc-12353; Santa Cruz Biotechnology); anti-Smad3 antibody (1:1,000, ab28379; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA); anti-Smad3 (phospho S423+S425) antibody [EP823Y] (1:2,000, ab52903; Abcam); caspase-3 antibody (1:1,000, #9662; Cell Signaling Technology Inc.); cleaved caspase-3 (Asp175) (5A1E) (1:1,000, #9664; Cell Signaling Technology Inc.).
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5

BMP-7 Regulates Collagen and CTGF Expression

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Recombinant human BMP-7 was purchased from Cusabio Biotech Co., Ltd (Wuhan, China) and dissolved in sterile saline prior to use. The primary antibodies against the following proteins employed were as follows: Collagen I (BA0323; Wuhan Boster Biological Technology, Ltd., Wuhan, China); collagen III (BM1625; Wuhan Boster Biological Technology, Ltd.); α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA; BM0002; Wuhan Boster Biological Technology, Ltd.); connective tissue growth factor (CTGF; ab6992; Abcam, Cambridge, UK); TGF-β1 (sc-146; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA); B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2; BA0412; Wuhan Boster Biological Technology, Ltd.); BCL2-associated X (Bax; BA0315; Wuhan Boster Biological Technology, Ltd.); cleaved caspase-3 (ab2302; Abcam); Smad1/5/8 (sc-6031R; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.); phosphorylated (p)-Smad1/5/8 (sc-12353; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.); and β-actin (sc-47778; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.). The secondary antibodies were HRP-conjugated Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (WLA023; Wanleibio, Shenyang, China) and HRP-conjugated Goat anti-Mouse IgG (WLA024; Wanleibio, Shenyang, China).
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