Ammonium thiocyanate

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂PO₄), potassium ferrocyanide (K₃Fe(CN)₆), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), iron-III-chloride (FeCl₃), potassium peroxydisulfate (K₂O₈S₂) copper-II-chloride (CuCl₂), sodium acetate (NaCH₃COO), hydrochloric acid (HCl), tris, iron-II-sulfate (FeSO₄), iron-II-chloride (FeCl₂), disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na₂HPO₄), methionine, ethanol, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ammonium thiocyanate (NH₄SCN), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), disodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), sodium perchlorate (NaClO₄), and disodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) were obtained from Merck (Merck, made in Germany). Cis-9, cis-12-octadecanoic acid (linoleic acid), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20), nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine-4′,4′′-disulfonic acid sodium salt (ferrozine), riboflavin (vitamin B2), N-N-Dimethyl-p-phenyl-enediamine dihydrochloride (DMPD), neocuproine hydrate (C₄H₁₂N₂·XH₂O), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium sulfate (ABTS), ID-8 (C₆H₁₄N₂O₄), 3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid (C₈H₈O₅), silychristin (C₂₅H₂₂O₁₀), malvin (C₂₉H₂₈O₁₇), pelargonin (C₂₇H₃₁O₁₅), oenin (C₂₃H₂₅O₂), arachidonoyl dopamine (C₂₈H₄₁NO₃), callistephin (C₂₁H₂₁O₁₀), and 2,4,6-trihydroxy-benzaldehyde (C₆H₂CHO) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Company (St Louis, MO, USA).

1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween-20), ascorbic acid (vitamin C), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), peroxidase, H₂O₂, ABTS (2, 2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), phenazine methosulphate (PMS), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), sulfanilamide, ortho-H₃PO₄, naphthylethylene diamine dihydrochloride, diammonium salt, 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-bis (4-phenyl-sulfonic acid)-1,2,4-triazine (ferrozine), ferrous chloride, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), potassium ferricyanide, Leuco-2,7-dichlorofluorescien diacetate, hematin, arachidonic acid, cyclooxygenases enzymes (COX-1 from sheep, EC. 1.14.99.1 or human COX-2), acetylcholinesterase enzyme (EC No. 3.1.1.7) type VI-S (from electric eel), acetylthiocholine iodide, 5,5-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), butyryl thio-choline iodide, human butyrylcholinesterase enzyme, kojic acid, tyrosinase enzyme, and L-Dopa were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Ammonium thiocyanate was purchased from E. Merck. All chemicals and solvents are of analytical grade.

Fresh aerial parts of nettle were harvested from a forest area of Northern Iran (Chabokasr, Guilan, Iran). Sunflower oil was obtained from Tabiat Sabz Co. (Tehran, Iran). Corn starch, chitosan (MW: 300 kDa, 80–90% deacetylation), acetic acid, sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80), potassium sorbate, ammonium thiocyanate, glycerol, sulfuric acid, and sodium sulfate were bought from Merck Co. (Darmstadt, Germany). Other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade.

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and Tween 80 were obtained from Sigma‐Aldrich Chemie. Analytical‐grade methanol, ethanol, chloroform, butanol, hexane–isopropanol, ammonium thiocyanate, iron chloride (II) and (III), potassium hydroxide, phenolphthalein, disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na₂HPO₄), sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂PO₄), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and 1,1,3,3‐tetraethoxypropane (TEP) were procured from Merck.

NMR spectra were recorded on a spectrometer operated at 400 MHz for ¹H and 100 MHz for ¹³C NMR. Chemical shifts were given in ppm (δ scale), coupling constant (J) in Hz. Column chromatography was performed on silica (60–230 mesh, Merck). TLC was carried out on analytical alumina plates (60 F₂₅₄). Hitachi U-290 UV-Vis spectrometer was used for UV measurements. HRMS analyses were recorded on Agilent 6210 LC-TOF/MS spectrometer. Ammonium thiocyanate and BHT were purchased from E. Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ferrous chloride, BHA and trichloracetic acid (TCA), formic acid, foetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin/streptomycin and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium-high glucose (DMEM-HG) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany).

The salt of CoCl₂.6H₂O (Merck company, 98.0%) was acquired for the preparation of cobalt solution. Bis (2,4,4-trimethylpentyl monothiophosphinic acid) (Cyanex302) (Aldrich company, 90.0%), bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)dithiophosphinic acid (Cyanex301) (Aldrich company, 90.0%), bis-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid (Cyanex272) (Aldrich company, 90.0%), and Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) (Merck company, 95.0%), as the extractants and kerosene (99.9%) as the diluted phase from Merck company, were used in the experiments. Ethylene glycol from Sigma Aldrich, 99.5% was used as the non-aqueous system. Another diluted phase such as, chloroform (99.8%), 1-decanol (99.0%), and toluene (99.9%) was provided from Merck. HCl (37.0%, Merck) and NaOH (99.9%, Merck) solutions were used to reach the appropriate pH of solutions in the experiments. As reverse extraction agents, acids like sulfuric acid (96.0%, Merck), nitric acid (65.0%, Merck), and hydrochloric acid were utilized. Ascorbic acid (99.0%, Merck), ammonium thiocyanate (99.0%, Merck), acetone (99.0%, Merck), and hydrochloric acid were used as cobalt detectors using a UV spectrophotometer.