All included adolescents were subjected to detailed medical history with special emphasis on disease duration, insulin daily dose (U/kg/day), exercise and the presence of clinically significant hypoglycemic episodes “i.e. glucose value of < 3.0 mmol/l (54 mg/dl)/week” [14 (link)]. The socioeconomic status was assessed using the validated Arabic socioeconomic status scale for health research in Egypt. It is a scale with 7 domains with a total score of 84. According to the scale the socioeconomic level is classified into very low, low, middle and high levels depending on the quartiles of the score calculated [15 (link)].
Thorough clinical examination was done laying stress on anthropometric measures and body mass index (BMI) measured as kg/m2 with calculation of z score [16 ]. Peripheral blood samples were collected on potassium-ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (K2-EDTA) in sterile vacutainer tubes (final concentration of 1.5 mg/ml) (Beckton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) for assessment of HbA1C.
Thorough clinical examination was done laying stress on anthropometric measures and body mass index (BMI) measured as kg/m2 with calculation of z score [16 ]. Peripheral blood samples were collected on potassium-ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (K2-EDTA) in sterile vacutainer tubes (final concentration of 1.5 mg/ml) (Beckton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) for assessment of HbA1C.