Tecnai g20

All prepared materials are characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with energy dispersive analysis by X-ray (EDX) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). XRDs are recorded with Panlytical X’Pert using Cu-K_α radiation (λ = 1.540 Ǻ). The surface morphology is analyzed by HR-TEM (Tecnai G20, FEI, Netherland, 200 kV, LaB6 Gun) and FESEM with EDX (JEOL JSM-6360LA and Philips XL30). TEM measurements were performed on Tecnai G20, FEI, instrument, Netherland, 200 kV, LaB6 Gun. The particles size was calculated using Image J software. At least 500 particles were evaluated and collected from several shots for the same sample. The percentage of the particles was plotted against their size to generate particle size distribution curve.
XPS measurements are performed with a Perkin Elmer 5300 XPS system with a non-monochromatized Mg-K_α X-ray source. Calibration is performed using the C-1s component (binding energy of 284.6 eV). An Mg-K_α X-ray is used with 300 W applied to the anode. For the XPS peak deconvolution, the XPS Peak 4.1 software is used, while Shirley background is employed to subtract the background.

MBG was prepared by a modified sol–gel method, as shown in Figure 1. In detail, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (3.6 g) and trimethylamine (0.12 mL) were added into 100 mL of distilled water and stirred for 1 h at 50 °C. Subsequently, tetrahydrate calcium nitrate (3.39 g) was added to the above solution to obtain an aqueous solution. After mixing 5 mL of tetraethyl orthosilicate and 20 mL of cyclohexane by sonication, the mixture was slowly added to the obtained aqueous solution for 12 h under stirring. After centrifugation at 3000 rpm, a white precipitate was collected. Subsequently, the MBG was obtained by cleaning the white precipitate with distilled water, drying at 80 °C for 20 h and calcining at 650 °C for 3 h. All reagents were provided by Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
The morphology and microstructure of the synthesized MBG were studied utilizing transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Tecnai G-20, FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS, Oxford Inca Energy 350, Oxford Instruments, Abingdon, UK) at 200 kV. The phase structure analysis of MBG was conducted using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD, Bruker, D8 Advance, Berlin, Germany) with Cu Kα radiation and at a step size of 5°/min. The surface area and pore size distribution were evaluated using the nitrogen adsorption–desorption technique at 77 K.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were examined with a Hitachi S4800 field emission scanning electron microscope under 20 kV accelerating voltage. The morphology was determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, FEI Tecnai G20). The sample structure was determined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD, Bruker D8). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was examined by a Shimadzu IR Prestige-21 spectrometer to collect the vibration modes of functional groups within 4000–400 cm⁻¹.