The samples were characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM6340F), a transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEOL 2010F, 200 kV), a micro-Raman system (XploRa, Horiba) with 532-nm laser excitation, an X-ray absorption spectrometer (a channeltron at beamline-8.0.1 at the Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), an X-ray diffractometer (XRD, PANalytical X'Pert with Cu Kα radiation) and an integrating sphere from SphereOptics (Ocean Optics USB 4,000). For cross-sectional TEM samples, haematite electrodes were milled by a focused ion beam (FIB, JOEL 4,500 multibeam system) microscope. A layer of W film was first deposited on top of the samples before milling to minimize ion beam damage.
Ocean optics usb4000
Manufactured by OceanOptics
Sourced in United States
The Ocean Optics USB4000 is a versatile and compact spectroscopy device designed for laboratory use. It features a high-resolution optical bench and a USB interface for easy connection to a computer. The USB4000 is capable of acquiring spectral data across a wide range of wavelengths, making it a valuable tool for various analytical applications.
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4 protocols using ocean optics usb4000
1
Characterization of Haematite Electrodes
2
Vegetation Indices in Viticulture
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Several vegetation indices have also been determined at plant (P) and grape (G) level both at veraison (V) and at harvest (H) time. The basis for the indices calculation was the reflectance measurements taken with a spectroradiometer Ocean Optics USB4000 (Ocean Optics, Dunedin, FL, USA), which has a spectral range of 500–1100 nm and a spectral resolution of 0.21 nm. For plant measurements, the spectroradiometer was mounted on a vertical framing square and held in a nadir orientation at a height of 2.6 m above the vine. Grape measurements were carried out directly on bunches placing the sensor at a height of 10 cm. This instrument is a portable, fiber optic‐based spectrometer fitted in this case to a 14° field of view. This geometry leads to a measured area that is 64 cm in diameter for plants and 2.4 cm for bunches. All of the measurements (two replicates for each vine) were made under sunny conditions, avoiding shadows, between 11.00 h and 14.00 h, and aiming to avoid changes in solar elevation. The reflectance was referred to a calibrated white reflectance panel before each measurement.
The indices were calculated from spectral observations of reflectance in the visible and near‐infrared regions are listed in Table2 .
The indices were calculated from spectral observations of reflectance in the visible and near‐infrared regions are listed in Table
3
Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Purified Proteins
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Proteins were purified largely following our previously described method55 (link). The purified proteins were diluted in 30 mM MOPS, 100 mM KCl, pH 7.2 (Calcium Calibration Buffer #1, C3008MP, Thermo Fisher Scientific) containing either 10 mM CaEGTA (39 μM Free Calcium Buffer) or 10 mM EGTA (Zero Free Calcium Buffer). Fluorescence excitation and emission spectra were measured on an Edinburgh 920FLS fluorimeter with 1.5 nm slits. Excitation spectra were taken from 300 to 515 nm, with emission at 520 nm. Emission spectra were taken from 485 to 700 nm, with excitation at 480 nm. Spectra were normalized to the calcium-saturated excitation and emission maxima, respectively. Absorption spectra were taken on a UV/VIS spectrometer (Ocean Optics USB4000, Ocean Insight), and normalized using the absorbance at 280 nm.
4
Characterizing Optical Rotation Dispersion
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ORD spectra were collected using a custom-made polarimeter that measures the reflected light from our samples. The design is similar to a basic reflected light microscope with a tungsten halogen light source (Thorlabs), Glan-Thompson polarisers (Thorlabs) and a ×10 objective (Olympus). A camera (Thorlabs) is used to position the sample, and spectra are collected using a compact spectrometer (Ocean optics USB4000). ORD spectra are obtained using the Stokes method, and the intensity of light is measured at four analyser angles (0°, ±45° and 90°). LH and RH pairs of ORD spectra are collected in 10 min.
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