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33 protocols using sodium nitrite nano2

1

Antioxidant and Phytochemical Evaluation

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All reagents and chemicals including gallic acid, rutin, quercetin, aluminum chloride (AlCl3), ferric chloride (FeCl3·7H2O), Folin-Ciocalteu, oxalic acid, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), Na2CO3, ammonium molybdate, potassium ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6), catechin, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylobenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid diammonium salt) (ABTS) are products of Sigma-Aldrich, South Africa. Others such as anhydrous sodium carbonate, sodium nitrite (NaNO2), ethanol, methanol, n-butanol, sodium acetate, butylated hydroxyoluene (BHT), diethyl ether, glacial acetic acid, sulfanilic acid, potassium persulfate, and sodium nitroprusside were also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All the reagents used were of analytical grade.
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2

Synthesis and Characterization of Metal-Organic Frameworks

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Terephthalic
acid (H2BDC), glyphosate (99%), potassium bromide (KBr,
99.95%), and sodium nitrite (NaNO2, 99.999%) were purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich Trading Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Titanium(IV)
isopropoxide [Ti(OiPr)4, 99.995%] was purchased from Alfa
Aesar (Shanghai, China). N,N-Dimethylformamide
(DMF), methanol (99.7%), ethanol, and sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 96.0%) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent
Co., Ltd. (China). S. cerevisiae, PCC
6803, and E. coli (DH5α) strains were kindly provided by State Key Laboratory of
Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University. Ultrapure
water (18.2 MΩ·cm) collected from a laboratory ultrapure
water purification system (model Cascada I, Pall Co., Ltd., Washington,
NY, USA) was used to prepare all the solutions.
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3

Synthesis and Characterization of 4-Vinylbenzophenone

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4-vinylbenzophenone (BP) was synthesized as previously published.30 (link) Sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), N-acetyl-D-penicillamine (NAP), ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium phosphate dibasic (Na2HPO4), sodium phosphate monobasic (NaH2PO4), concentrated sulfuric acid (conc. H2SO4), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and sodium nitrite (NaNO2) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). 2–2’-azobis(2-methyl propionitrile (AIBN) and n-butyl methacrylate (BMA) were bought from Alfa-Aesar (Haverhill, MA). Concentrated hydrochloric acid (conc. HCl), methanol (CH3OH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Hampton, NH). Potassium phosphate monobasic (KH2PO4) was purchased from BDH Chemicals-VWR International (West Chester, PA). CarboSil 20 80A UR STPU (referred to as CarboSil hereon) was obtained from DSM Biomedical Inc. (Berkeley, CA). De-ionized water (DI H2O) was obtained from in-house Milli-Q filtration system. The bacteria strains for the antimicrobial studies were obtained from American Type Culture Collection. Nitrogen and oxygen gas cylinders were from Air gas (Kennesaw, GA).
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4

Antioxidant Capacity Determination Protocol

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Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), and acetone were obtained from J.T.Baker (Deventer, Holland). ABTS radical (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), Folin-Ciocalteau phenol reagent 1N, gallic acid, sodium nitrite (NaNO2), formic acid (HPLC grade), potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) and ethanol p.a. (99.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Sodium hydrogen carbonate (reagent grade; 99.7%) and methanol (reagent grade; 99.9%) were purchased from Scharlau (Barcelona, Spain). Deionized water was obtained from Millipore (Bedfore, MA, USA).
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5

Dietary Nitrite Intervention in Diabetic Mice

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C57BLKS/J mice (3–4 months of age) homozygous for a point mutation in the gene for the leptin receptor (db/db), and their heterozygous littermates (CON), were obtained from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME, USA). Mice were randomly assigned to one of three weight-matched groups: (1) heterozygous controls (CON; n = 7–13), (2) homozygous controls (Db-C; n = 9–13), and (3) homozygous nitrite (Db-N; n = 4–13). CON and Db-C received regular drinking H2O, whereas Db-N received water supplemented with 50 mg/L sodium nitrite (NaNO2; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) ad libitum for 5 weeks. Fresh NaNO2-supplemented water was measured and replaced every other day. All mice were allowed chow ad libitum. All procedures involving mice were reviewed and approved by the Colorado State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
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6

Chitosan Functionalization Protocol

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Commercial chitosan (batch 244/020208; degree of N-acetylation: DA < 1%, Mw = 270 kg/mol; Mn = 115 kg/mol, dispersity Ð = 2.3) was supplied by Mahtani Chitosan Ltd. (Veraval, India). Sodium nitrite (NaNO2, purity > 99%), O,O′-1,3-propanediylbishydroxylamine dihydrochloride (PDHA, purity > 98%), and sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH3CN, purity > 95%) were provided by Sigma–Aldrich (Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France). All other chemicals and solvents were obtained from commercial sources and were of analytical grade.
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7

Evaluating Sodium Nitrite Cytotoxicity in HCECs

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We assessed cell viability using CCK-8 reagent (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc., Kumamoto, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Briefly, HCECs were cultured at 4 × 103 cells/well in a 96-well plate and incubated for 24 h. Following the adherence of cells, sodium nitrite (NaNO2; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was applied to cells for 3 h, 6 h, 24 h, and 48 h, dose-dependently: 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000 μM. Following the appropriate period of incubation, 10% (v/v) of the CCK-8 solution in culture media was prepared and the absorbance at 450 nm was measured after 2 h incubation of HCEC with reagent.
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8

Platelet Activation Assay Protocol

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Sodium nitrite (NaNO2), adenosine 5′ diphosphate (ADP), collagen, human thrombin, NG-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME), Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro (GPRP), oxypurinol and paraformaldehyde were purchased from Sigma (St.Louis, MO). Diethylamine diazeniumdiolate (DEANONOate) was purchased from Cayman chemical (Ann Arbor, MI), 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazole-1-oxyl 3-oxide (C-PTIO) was purchased from Alexis (Lausen, Switzerland). FITC-labeled PAC1, PE-labeled anti-human CD62P, PE-Cy5 anti-human CD41a and FITC- or PE-conjugated isotypic MoAbs, and flow cytometry graded PBS were purchased from Becton Dickinson (BD; San Jose, CA).
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9

Chemically Modified Natural Rubber Latex

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High ammonia natural rubber latex (60% dry rubber content) used in the present study was purchased from Bothong Natural Rubber Trade Co., Ltd., Bothong, Chonburi, Thailand. 50 wt% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 85 wt% formic acid (HCOOH), 97 wt% sodium nitrite (NaNO2), and 98 wt% sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Missouri, USA. Polyoxyethylene styrenated phenyl ether (C24H22O2) used as a surfactant under the trade name Emulvin WA was purchased from Chemical and Materials Co., Ltd., Map Pong, Chom Thong, Bangkok, Thailand. Methanol (commercial grade) was bought from Facobis Co., Ltd. (Bangkok, Thailand). All chemical reagents were used as received. Distilled water was used throughout the work.
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10

Nitric Oxide Quantification in RAW264.7 Cells

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Nitric oxide (NO) concentrations of supernatants were determined using Griess reagent (Sigma Chemical Co. St. Louis, MO, USA). RAW264.7 cells (1×106 cells/ml) were incubated with CA (0 to 10 µg/ml) in the presence or absence of LPS (5 µg/ml) for 24 h. Subsequently, equal volume of Griess reagent was added to supernatants. After 10-minute incubation, OD was measured at 550 nm. Zero to 100 µM of sodium nitrite (NaNO2; Sigma) was used as standard to calculate NO-levels.
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