4 p nitrophenyl α d glucopyranoside

Acetylcholinesterase from electric eel (Electrophorus electricus, type VI-s, lyophilized powder), acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCI), butyrylcholinesterase from equine serum (lyophilized powder), butyrylthiocholine iodide (BTCI), 5,5′-dithio-bis2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), α-amylase from porcine pancreas, α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 4-p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, starch, galanthamine, and acarbose were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Trizma hydrochloride (Tris-HCl) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Deionized water was produced using a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) was collected from Gibco (Japan), and fetal bovine serum (FBS) was also collected from Gibco (Waltham, MA, USA). Insulin and penicillin G/streptomycin were collected from Wako (Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan), the MTS kit was collected from Promega (Madison, WI, USA), and poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate was collected from Sigma-Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany).

Alpha-amylase from Aspergillus oryzae, starch, sodium phosphate buffer, dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS), acarbose, 4-p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), alpha-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, beta-galactosidase from Escherichia coli, 2-nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside, quercetin, Müeller-Hinton's agar, (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide), nitric acid, perchloric acid, diethyl ether, acetone, ethanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide chemicals were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Saint-Louis, Missouri, USA).