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5 protocols using potassium hydroxide

1

Extraction and Characterization of Melanin

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Standard melanin (synthetic) and 5,5′-dithio-bis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Keratin powder, bovine serum albumin, sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, ferric chloride, sodium hypochlorite, and potassium hydroxide were obtained from Himedia, India. Solvents, such as ethanol, methanol, chloroform, acetone, benzene, and phenol were procured from Sisco Research Laboratory (SRL), India. All the chemicals and reagents used were of the highest purity and analytical grade. Black feathers of slaughtered domestic fowl (Gallusgallus domesticus) collected from central chicken market, Kolhapur, India were washed, dried, and stored for further studies. Whereas, goat (Capra hircus-Osmanabadi breed) skin was obtained from the local meat market in Kolhapur, India.
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2

Teff Straw for Reducing Sugar Production

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Teff straw was collected from Debre Zeyit, Oromia Region, Ethiopia, as the raw material for total reducing sugar production. All chemicals and reagents used throughout this study were of analytical reagent (AR) grade and maximum purity from HiMedia and Ranchem, India. The reagents were obtained from Atomic Educational Materials Supply PLC. Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and methylene blue indicator (purity 98%, 37%, and 100%, respectively) were obtained from Blulux Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. In addition, potassium hydroxide (98.08% pure, HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd.) was required to determine the total reducing sugar by Fehling solution method. Sodium hydroxide (98.08% pure, HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd.) was employed for determination of hemicellulose content of Teff straw, whereas sulfuric acid, H2SO4 (LOBA Chemie, purity 98%), was used to determine the lignin content.
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3

Buffered Calcium Phosphate Solution

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2 mM calcium chloride (SDFCL Sd Fine Chem Limited., Tamil Nadu, India), 2.2 mM monosodium phosphate (HiMedia® Laboratories, Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India) and 0.5 M acetic acid (Molychem® Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India) were mixed with 1 litre of distilled water by an electromagnetic stirrer (REMI Sales and Engineering Ltd., Mumbai, India) at 800 rpm, and pH was adjusted at 4.4 with 1 M potassium hydroxide (HiMedia® Laboratories, Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India) by pH metre.
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4

Physicochemical Analysis of Castor Oil

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Waste animal bone and teeth were collected from Abattoirs slaughter in Fiche town around Oromia region; Ethiopia. Castor seed oil (Table 1), methanol (94%) and ethanol (95%) were purchased from loba Chemie. pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, India. Sulfuric acid (98%), phenolphthalein (99.9%), Iodine monochloride, glacial acetic acid (99.5), Potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, Sodium thiosulfate solution, Chloroform and Hydrochloric (95%) were the product of Himedia Laboratories Pvt Ltd and Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd.

Physico–chemical properties of castor oil.

Table 1
PropertiesUnitValue
Specific gravity at 20 °Cg/cm30.957–0.961
Acid valuemg of KOH/g0.562
Saponification valuemg of KOH/g177.43
Iodine valuegI2/100g85
pH6.52
Refractive index1.456–1.515
Hydroxy value160–168
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5

Multidisciplinary Reagent Preparation for Research

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For the experiments, we have used various reagents, such as MacConkey broth, Luria bertani broth, Guanidine hydrochloride, Potassium Phosphate dibasic, Potassium phosphate monobasic, Sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium hydroxide, Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), potassium hydroxide, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), 2-Thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and Dimethyl sulfoxide, that were purchased from Himedia Laboratories Ltd., India. Chlorhexidine was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride and glycine were from Merck, India. Glacial acetic acid and glycerol from Qualigens, India. Ethyl acetate purchased from Fisher scientific.2-Thiobarbituric acid (0.8%) was prepared in 1M NaOH,2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (10mM) was prepared in 2N HCl. For PI staining, 100mM Tris (pH 7.4), 150mM NaCl, 1mM CaCl2, 0.5mM, MgCl2, and 0.1% Triton-X were prepared, 2.5% glutaraldehyde, and ethanol.
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