Chlorantraniliprole

Chlorantraniliprole (CAP), purity 98%, was purchased from DuPont (Shanghai, China). The stock solution of CAP was prepared in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Chromatography-grade reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade. Molecular biology reagents were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent (Shanghai, China). Luria-Bertani (LB) liquid medium consisted of (per liter of distilled water) 10 g of tryptone, 5.0 g of yeast extract, and 5.0 g of sodium chloride. The pH was adjusted to pH 7.0. The solid medium contained 2.0% agar. Mineral salt medium (MM) contains (per L) 1.5 g of NH₄NO₃, 0.5 g of KH₂PO₄, 1.5 g of K₂HPO₄·3H₂O, 0.2 g of MgSO₄, and 0.5 g of NaCl. The pH was adjusted to pH 7.0. The concentration of CAP added to the MM was based on the requirement of each experiment.

Chlorantraniliprole (95% technical grade [TG]) was acquired from Dupont (Wilmington, DE, USA). Indoxacarb (95% TG), metaflumizone (95% TG), and lambda‐cyhalothrin (95% TG) were provided by Nanjing Keweibang Chemical Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Xinnong Chemical Co., Ltd and Jiangsu Yangnong Chemical Co., Ltd, respectively. Abamectin (97% TG) was a gift from Hebei Weiyuan Bioengineering Co., Ltd.

The bioinsecticide spinosad was used in its commercial formulation registered for use in tomato fields against the tomato borer (480 g a.i./L, suspension concentrate, Dow AgroSciences, Franco da Rocha, SP, Brazil) [18] . The insecticides used in the cross-resistance bioassays were (the commercial formulations used are indicated between parentheses): abamectin (18 g a.i./L, emulsifiable concentrate, Syngenta Proteção de Cultivos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil), cartap (500 g a.i./Kg, soluble powder, Iharabras, Paulínia, SP, Brazil), chlorantraniliprole (200 g a.i./L, suspension concentrate, DuPont Brazil, Paulínia, SP, Brazil), chlorfenapyr (240 g a.i./L, suspension concentrate, BASF S.A., São Paulo, SP, Brazil), chlorpyrifos (480 g a.i., emulsifiable concentrate, Dow AgroSciences, Santo Amaro, SP, Brazil), indoxacarb (300 g a.i./Kg, water dispersible granule, DuPont Brazil, Paulínia, SP, Brazil), permethrin (384 g a.i./L, emulsifiable concentrate, FMC Química do Brazil, Campinas, SP, Brazil), spinetoram (250 g a.i./Kg, water dispersible granule, Dow AgroSciences, Franco da Rocha, SP, Brazil), and thiamethoxam (250 g a.i./Kg, water dispersible granule, Syngenta Proteção de Cultivos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil). The synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO-90%) and S,S,S – Tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF-98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI, EUA).