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3 protocols using salmon sperm dsdna

1

ELISA for Anti-Nuclear Antibodies

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Immulon 4HBX high binding plates (ThermoFisher, Rockford, IL) were used for ELISA assays. For ANA ELISAs, plates were coated with a 1:10 dilution of poly-L-lysine (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), followed by coating with salmon sperm dsDNA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) or Smith/Ribonucleoprotein SmRNP (Arotec Diagnostics, Wellington, New Zealand). Plates were blocked with 4% non-fat dry milk in PBS and coated with diluted serum samples with serial double dilution. Detection of antibody subtypes was performed using the following combinations of primary and secondary detection antibodies: primary- anti-IgG-biotin (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA), anti-IgG2b-biotin (Southern Biotech, Birmingham, AL), anti-IgG2c-alkaline phosphatase (Southern Biotech, Birmingham, AL) and secondary- streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). Plates were developed with PNPP (p-nitrophenyl phosphate, disodium salt) (ThermoFisher, Rockford, IL) substrate and quantitation was performed as previously described [50 (link)]. Anti-DNA or anti-SmRNP IgG-subclass titers were determined by calculating arbitrary units by using serial dilution of the serum from a positive animal as a standard, and were expressed as units per volume.
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2

Synthesis and Functionalization of GA-AgNPs

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Salmon sperm dsDNA was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Slovakia) and its 0.1 mg mL−1 stock solution prepared in PB was stored at 4 °C. 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-Cl) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Slovakia) and prepared as a stock solution of 2 mg mL−1 (10 mmol L−1) in acetonitrile. GA-AgNPs were synthesized in our laboratory using the protocol described below. Silver nitrate, gallic acid, sodium hydroxide, ammonia, sodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, and other required chemicals were obtained from Mikrochem (Slovakia). For GA-AgNPs modification, doxorubicin (DOX) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Slovakia) and its 1 mg mL−1 stock solution was prepared in deionized water and kept in dark.
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3

Electrochemical Sensing of Biomolecules

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Ciprofloxacin, salmon sperm dsDNA, sodium acetate, acetic acid, uric acid, ascorbic acid, dopamine hydrochloride, NaOH, HCl, Na2HPO4, NaH2PO4•2H2O, KH2PO4, potassium ferrocyanide and potassium ferricyanide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (MO, USA).
Graphene nanopowder was obtained from Graphene Supermarket (USA). All solutions were prepared and diluted using double-distilled water.
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