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Rat anti mouse cd31 antibody

Manufactured by BD
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, China

The Rat anti-mouse CD31 antibody is a laboratory reagent used for the detection and analysis of the CD31 protein, also known as PECAM-1, in mouse samples. CD31 is a cell adhesion molecule expressed on the surface of endothelial cells, platelets, and certain immune cells. This antibody can be used in various immunoassay techniques to identify and quantify CD31-positive cells.

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65 protocols using rat anti mouse cd31 antibody

1

Immunofluorescence Staining Protocol

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The following antibodies were used in this study: rat anti-mouse LAMP1, mouse anti-human LAMP1 and mouse anti-beta tubulin antibodies (Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, clone # 1D4B, H4A3 and E7); mouse anti-human EEA1 and rat anti-mouse CD31 antibodies (BD Biosciences, catalog # 610456 and 557355); goat anti-human IgG (H+L) antibody conjugated with HRP, donkey anti-rat (H+L) antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488 and donkey anti-human IgG (H+L) antibody conjugated with Cy3 (Jackson ImmunoResearch, catalog # 109-035-003, 712-545-153 and 709-165-149); goat anti-human IgG (H+L) antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 555, goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488 and goat anti-human IgG (H+L) antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 647 (Life Technologies, catalog # A21433, A11029 and A21445); rabbit anti-human Ki-67 antibody (Abcam, catalog # 92742).
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2

Evaluation of Tumor Hypoxia, Perfusion, and Vessel Density

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The hypoxia marker pimonidazole (60 mg/kg, Hypoxyprobe, Burlington, MA) was administered i.p. to mice bearing CALR xenografts 1 hour before the MRI scan, to allow for maximal bio-reduction in hypoxic tumor regions. Following MRI, Hoechst 33342 (15 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK), a marker of perfused vessels, was injected via a lateral tail vein (37 , 38 (link)). After 1 minute, tumors were rapidly excised and flash-frozen over liquid nitrogen. Fluorescence signals from Hoechst 33342 and reduced pimonidazole adducts bound with mouse monoclonal FITC-conjugated antibodies were detected on whole tumor 10μm thick frozen sections, cut in the same plane as for the MRI, using a motorized scanning stage (Prior Scientific Instruments, Cambridge, UK) attached to a BX51 microscope (Olympus Optical, London, UK), driven by image analysis software (CellP, Soft Imaging System, Münster, Germany) as previously described (38 (link)). Vessel density was then assessed through detection of CD31 on the same sections using rat anti-mouse CD31 antibodies (BD Biosciences, Oxford, UK, 1:100) and Alexa 546-conjugated goat anti-rat IgG antibody (Invitrogen, 1:500). Tumor hypoxia, perfusion and vessel density were quantified as previously described (38 (link)).
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3

Allantois Explant Vascular Imaging

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Allantois explants were isolated from E8.5 embryos from crosses of heterozygous AC1*gfp/A+ mice and genotyped with genomic DNA isolated from embryos. Allantois explants were cultured in 24-well plates with high-glucose DMEM plus 50% FBS at 37°C for 24 h. For immunofluorescence staining, allantois explants were washed with 37°C PBS, fixed with 4% PFA, and then blocked with 1% BSA plus 5% goat serum in PBS. After blocking, allantois explants were incubated with rat anti-mouse CD31 antibodies (1:100; BD Biosciences) at 4°C overnight, followed by incubation with AlexaFluor 594–conjugated goat anti-rat IgG (1:200; Molecular Probes) at room temperature for 1 h. Round coverslips were mounted onto allantois explants before epifluorescence imaging. An AngioTool (Zudaire et al., 2011 (link)) was used to characterize vessels in allantois explants following CD31 staining to reveal the vascular network.
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4

Immunofluorescence Staining of Mouse CD31

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IF methods were described previously (8 (link)). Antibodies used were: 1:100 rat anti-mouse CD31 antibody (BD, 550274), 1:200 Alexa Fluor® 488 goat anti-rat antibody (Invitrogen, A11006), and 1:500 monoclonal mouse anti-α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) Cy3 antibody (Sigma, C6198). Slides were mounted with Vectashield Hardset Mounting Medium with DAPI (Vector Labs) and imaged on a Zeiss CLSM 710 or 700 Spectral Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope.
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5

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Tumor Angiogenesis

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B16F10 tumour tissues and lung tissues were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde before being embedded in Optimal Cutting Temperature compound. Immunofluorescence staining was performed using rat anti-mouse CD31 antibody (BD Biosciences), biotinylated anti-rat IgG as a secondary antibody and Texas Red Avidin DCS (Vector Laboratories, Inc.). Cryosections (Leica cryostat) were mounted with Vectashield containing DAPI and were visualized with an ultraviolet fluorescent microscope (Nikon Eclipse E800) with a Retiga camera (QImaging) through IPLab version 3.65a imaging software (Scanalytics).
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6

Immunohistochemical Characterization of Cellular Markers

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Immunohistochemistry was performed essentially as described in our previous report [17 (link)] with a mouse anti-Nestin monoclonal antibody diluted 1:200 (Millipore, Temecula, CA; catalog number: MAB353). The Envision + Horseradish Peroxidase System (Dako Japan, catalog number: K5027) was used along with a rabbit anti-human PGP9.5 antibody diluted to 1:400 (Ultra Clone Ltd., Isle of Wight, UK; catalog number: RA95101), a rat anti-mouse CD31 antibody diluted to 1:50 (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA; catalog number: 553,370), and a rat anti-Ki67 monoclonal antibody diluted to 1:100 for the cell proliferation assay (Dako Japan, Tokyo, Japan; catalog number: M7249). The avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (Vectastain ABC Kit; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) formation was determined using biotinylated anti-rabbit or anti-rat immunoglobulin G (Vector Laboratories; catalog number: BA-4000).
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7

Immunofluorescence Staining of Liver Macrophages and Endothelial Cells

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Liver samples were embedded in TissueTek OCT compound (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Japan). Five micrometers of the frozen section were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and blocked with 2% bovine serum albumin, then incubated with anti-mouse F4/80- eFluor® 570, or anti-mouse CD11b Alexa Fluor® 488 (eBioscience, San Diego, CA) for 2 hours at room temperature. After washing the sections were covered with Vectashield mounting medium containing DAPI and observed under a microscope (Leica M165 FC). In a blinded fashion, liver sections were first observed under low power (40×), 10–20 representative areas were selected and positive cells were counted under high power (×400). Quantitation was based on average numbers of positive cells/high power field. 3 mice/group/time point were analyzed.
To stain LSECs, liver sections (5μm) were stained with rat anti-mouse CD31 antibody (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) for 2 hours at room temperature, followed by FITC -labeled goat anti-rat IgG (Vector, Burlingame, CA). DAPI (blue) was used for nuclear counterstaining.
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8

Histological Analysis of Tumor Bone Metastasis

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Mice with tumor bone metastasis were anesthetized and euthanized at different time points. Femur and spine samples were collected, fixed in 10% formalin, decalcified with 14% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and embedded in paraffin. Four-micrometer sections were processed with haemotoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining for morphology observation, or with rabbit anti-mouse E-selectin antibody (1:100 diluted, Abcam) or rat anti-mouse CD31 antibody (1:100 diluted, BD Biosciences) for immunofluorescence. Images were captured with a Nikon Eclipse 80i microscope.
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9

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Tumor Markers

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Paraffin sections from each group were stained with hematoxylineosin (H&E). For immunohistochemistry studies, tumor tissues in the Ramos model were performed and the following antibodies were used: phospho-Src (Cell Signaling Technology, 1:100), phospho-FAK (Cell Signaling Technology, 1:100), phospho-Stat3 (Cell Signaling Technology, 1:100), NF-κB p-65(Cell Signaling Technology, 1:100) and phospho-Syk (Cell Signaling Technology, 1:100). Additionally, Rat anti-mouse CD31 antibody (BD Biosciences, USA) and anti-Ki67 antibody (Gene Tech) were used to determine vessel density and cell proliferation following the manufacturer’s protocol, respectively. A DAKO polymer secondary antibody system (Dako Envision 1K4007) was used for secondary detection. Images were captured using an Olympus digital camera.
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10

Hypoxia Probe and Tumor Vasculature Analysis

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Pimonidazole, a common hypoxia probe, was used to identify the oxygen level in tumors.[44] When tumor grew to ≈50 mm3, nano‐Pt/VP@MLipo (VP 0.25 mg kg−1, Pt 5 mg kg−1) was i.v. injected. After 3 h, pimonidazole (1.5 mg) was i.p. injected to the mice. After additional 1 h, the mice were sacrificed and the tumors were excised and processed for frozen section. For the detection of the pimonidazole adducts, the sections were stained with Hypoxyprobe‐1‐Mab1 (Hypoxyprobe‐1 Kit, MA) and donkey anti‐rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor 546, Invitrogen) secondary antibody, and observed under CLSM (Ex 561 nm, Em 600 nm). The CD31+ vessels were also stained with rat antimouse CD31 antibody (1: 200, BD biosciences) and goat anti‐rat IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor 647, Invitrogen) (Ex 633 nm, Em 650 nm)
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