Glycine

In this study, the antibodies respectively against p38, p-p38, ERK, p-ERK, Akt1/2/3, p-Akt1/2/3, OGT, OGA, CD68 and β-actin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Monoclonal Anti-β-O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Clone CTD110.6 was obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Other antibodies including anti-JNK, anti-p-JNK, Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG and HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA).
Chemicals such as 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Tris, Tween 20, trifluoroacetic acid, LPS (from Escherichia coli 055:B5), 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) and bovine serum albumin were obtained from Sigma. The ABC kit and Agarose wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) were purchased from Vector Laboratories (Lowellville, OH, USA). Thiamet G (Thi G) was obtained from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX, USA). RPMI 1640 was purchased from Corning Incorporated (Corning, NY, USA), penicillin, streptomycin and heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) was from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). All the other chemicals including sodium dodecyl sulfonate, ammonium persulfate, isopropanol, hydrochloric acid, glycine, sodium chloride and ammonia were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Steviol (99% of purity, HPLC) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Na₂CO₃, NaHCO₃, NaCl, KCl, Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O, NaH₂PO₄·2H₂O, EDTA disodium, dodecyl sodium sulfate (SDS), glycine, bromoxylenol blue, ammonium persulphate, tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl amino methane, ponceau, N,N,N, N-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED), xylene brilliant cyanin G (BS, G250), and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Trypsin-EDTA solution, propidium iodide (PI), triton X-100, endonuclease (RNase A), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), penicillin-streptomycin solution (100X), bovine albumin (BSA), BeyoECL Plus, polyvinylidene fluoride, RIPA lysis buffer, and 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-imidacarbocyasix iodide (JC-1) were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). DMEM medium, fetal bovine serum were purchased from Gibco Life Technologies Corporation (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Primary antibodies against p21, p53, cyclin D1, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase 3, β-actin, and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibodies were purchased from Cell Signal Technologies Inc. (Beverly, MA, USA). All other reagents were of analytical grade and used as received unless otherwise stated.

Nickel chloride hexahydrate (NiCl₂·6H₂O, ≥98.0%), ascorbic acid (AA, AR), and thiourea (CH₄N₂S, AR) were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB, ≥98%) and p-benzoquinone (C₆H₄O₂, 99%) were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technologh Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. Sulfur sublimed (S, AR), sodium acetate trihydrate (CH₃COONa·3H₂O, AR), copper nitrate trihydrate (Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O, AR), ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH, AR), hydrogen peroxide (30 wt%, H₂O₂, AR), and glacial acetic acid (CH₃COOH, AR) were purchased from Chengdu Cologne Chemicals Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China. l-arginine, l-valine, l-methionine, l-histidine, l-glutamate, glycine, Dl-aspartic acid, l-threonine, l-cysteine and other amino acids were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagents Co., Ltd. (BR), Shanghai, China. Gram-negative E. coli (ATCC25922) and Gram-positive S. aureus (ATCC29213) were obtained from Shanghai Jiachu Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. Propidium iodide (PI) and SYTO 9 were obtained from Invitrogen Life Technology Co., Ltd., California, America. Ultra-pure water (18.2 M Ω cm) was used in all solutions and experiments. All chemicals were not further purified. Caution: These reagents are toxic, please use as required.

Chemicals including chloroauric acid trihydrate (HAuCl₄·3H₂O), sodium citrate, sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), sodium phosphate dibasic (Na₂HPO₄), potassium phosphate monobasic (KH₂PO₄), 10 % sodium azide (NaN₃), Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris-HCl), isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside (IPTG), Triton, ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), glycerol, glycine, and Tween-20, were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Bovine serum albumin (BSA), Freund’s adjuvant complete and Freund’s adjuvant incomplete were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich St Louis, MO, USA). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated anti-mouse antibody, 3, 3′ 5, 5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), PE/Cy5 anti-mouse CD8a, and FITC-CD4 anti-mouse CD4 were purchased from Ebioscience Biotechnology (USA). High affinity purification purified CpG ODNs (5′-TCCATGACGTTCCTGACGTT-SH-3′) were synthesized by Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Unless otherwise noted, all chemicals were analytical grade and used without further purification. Milli-Q water (less than 18.2 MΩ cm) was used throughout the whole experiment.