Butanone

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Italy, United Kingdom

Butanone is a colorless, volatile organic compound that is used as a solvent in various industrial and laboratory applications. It has the chemical formula C₄H₈O and is also known as methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). Butanone's primary function is as a solvent, due to its ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds.

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Lab products found in correlation

Benzaldehyde, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Acetone, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Diacetyl, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Sodium azide, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Pyrazine, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Acetoin, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Acetaldehyde, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Butyraldehyde, by Merck Group (2 mentions) 2 hexanone, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Xanthan gum, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (1 mentions) Chlorobenzene, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Tandem mass tag (tmt), by Merck Group (1 mentions) 1 octanol, by Merck Group (1 mentions) 2 3 pentanedione, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Ampicillin, by GoldBio (1 mentions) Bugbuster reagent, by Merck Group (1 mentions) L arabinose, by GoldBio (1 mentions) Gibson assembly kit, by New England Biolabs (1 mentions) Reduced nadph, by Merck Group (1 mentions)

12 protocols using butanone

Surfactant-Assisted Oil Extraction

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The APG 264 non-ionic surfactant was supplied by the BASF. The acetone, butanone, and Xanthan gum were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Dammam, Saudi Arabia). The physicochemical properties of acetone and butanone are given in Table 1. The ketones were 99.98% pure. The NaCl was 99.87% pure and purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Arabian light crude oil was used throughout this research and supplied by Saudi Aramco (Dhahran, Saudi Arabia). The Arabian light oil had a degree API of 31.14 and a density of 0.87 g/cc when measured at a room temperature of 23 °C. The viscosity was 19.8 cp at 25 °C.
Xanthan gum, the most common biopolymer, is commercially produced through the process of fermentation. It has a single glucuronic acid unit, two mannose units, and two glucose units of molar ratio 2.0, 2.0, and 2.8, respectively [14 (link)].

, & Haq B. (2021). The Role of Microbial Products in Green Enhanced Oil Recovery: Acetone and Butanone. Polymers, 13(12), 1946.

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Semiconductor Synthesis and Characterization

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The small molecular semiconductor C8-BTBT
was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Polystyrene (PS, M_w = 3.5 kDa) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, M_w = 996 kDa) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
Chlorobenzene and butanone solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
All materials were used as received without further purification.

Shen T., Zhou H., Liu X., Fan Y., Mishra D.D., Fan Q., Yang Z., Wang X., Zhang M, & Li J. (2020). Wettability Control of Interfaces for High-Performance Organic Thin-Film Transistors by Soluble Insulating Polymer Films. ACS Omega, 5(19), 10891-10899.

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Chemotaxis Assay for Worm Behavior

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Behavioral chemotaxis assays were conducted according to the standard procedures (Hart 2006 ). Gravid worms were allowed to lay eggs for 12 hours in conditioning temperature (20 or 25 degrees) and then removed. When synced populations of worms reached day 1 adult they were collected in wash buffer (same content as chemotaxis assay plates: 5 mM KP0₄, 1mM CaCl₂ and 1mM MgS0₄), allowing worms to sediment by gravity, and washed three times to remove bacteria. > 200 worms were placed in 90mm chemotaxis plates (2% agar, 5 mM KP0₄, 1mM CaCl₂ and 1mM MgS0₄) in a drop of wash buffer. For volatile odors 1 μL of benzaldehyde (Sigma), diacetyl (Sigma) or butanone (Sigma) (diluted in 95% ethanol) was applied to one point on the assay plate while 95% ethanol was placed on the opposite side. For NaCl tests, agar plugs consisting 50mM of NaCl were left to diffuse overnight in order to create a gradient. 1 μL of 1M sodium azide (Sigma) was previously placed on odor points and allowed to dry prior to assay. Excess fluid was collected with a kimpwipe, plates were wrapped with parafilm, and worms were allowed to move for 1 hour in the incubator at the correlating conditioning temperature. Plates were transferred to 4°C and worms scored after 2 days.

Chemotaxis index = \frac{# worms at odor - # worms at ethanol}{Total worms on plate - worms at origin}

Posner R., Toker I.A., Antonova O., Star E., Anava S., Azmon E., Hendricks M., Bracha S., Gingold H, & Rechavi O. (2019). Neuronal Small RNAs Control Behavior Transgenerationally. Cell, 177(7), 1814-1826.e15.

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Olfactory Chemotaxis and Avoidance Assays

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The protocol for olfactory assays was adopted from Bargmann et al. (1993) (link). The volatile odorants were diluted in ethanol, which was used as the neutral control. Chemotaxis assays were conducted with indicated concentrations of butanone, benzaldehyde, IAA, 2,3-pentanedione, TMT, diacetyl, pyrazine or 1-octanol (Sigma-Aldrich). One microliter of 1 m sodium azide (Sigma-Aldrich) was dropped in advance to both odorant and control spots to paralyze animals reaching them. Assay plates with 150–200 animals were incubated for 120 min at 20°C, after which plates were moved to 4°C to stop animal movements. Chemotaxis indices (CI = O − C/O + C) were calculated as the number of animals that moved toward the attractive odorant (O) minus the number of animals toward the control (C), divided by the total number of animals. Avoidance indices were calculated similarly, but taken into account the number of animals that moved away from the repellent.

Kalichamy K.S., Ikkala K., Pörsti J., Santio N.M., Tuomaala J., Jha S., Holmberg C.I, & Koskinen P.J. (2019). PIM-Related Kinases Selectively Regulate Olfactory Sensations in Caenorhabditis elegans. eNeuro, 6(4), ENEURO.0003-19.2019.

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Chemotaxis and Adaptation Assays for Odor Response

Cited 4 times

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Chemotaxis and adaptation assays were performed as described previously^{19 (link), 20 (link), 29 (link), 30 (link), 38 (link)–40 (link)}. Odors were diluted as follows unless otherwise stated: 1 μl benzaldehyde (Sigma) in 200 μl EtOH, 1 μl butanone (Sigma) in 1000 μl EtOH. Adaptation mixes were prepared by diluting odors as follows; 9 μl benzaldehyde into 100 ml S-Basal, 12 μl butanone into 100 ml S-Basal buffer, and populations of animals were exposed to the diluted odor for 60 minutes during long-term exposure and for 30 mins during short-term exposure. 1 µl of 1 M sodium azide was placed on top of the odor and control spots to anesthetize animals that are initially attracted to either control or odor. Animals were allowed to move for 2 hours prior to scoring. The chemotaxis index is calculated as described previously by subtracting the number of animals at the control point from the total number of animals at the odor point and dividing by the total number of animals which leave the point of origin^{39 (link)}. Animals that never moved are not included in chemotaxis index calculations.

O’Halloran D.M., Altshuler-Keylin S., Zhang X.D., He C., Morales-Phan C., Yu Y., Kaye J.A., Brueggemann C., Chen T.Y, & L’Etoile N.D. (2017). Contribution of the cyclic nucleotide gated channel subunit, CNG-3, to olfactory plasticity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Scientific Reports, 7, 169.

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Molecular Cloning and Protein Purification

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Restriction enzymes and the Gibson Assembly kit were from New England BioLabs (Ipswich, MA, USA). Taq polymerase was from KAPA Biosystems (Wilmington, MA, USA). Phusion polymerase was from ThermoFisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Oligonucleotides were from Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, IA, USA). Bugbuster reagent and reduced NADH were from Merck Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). Phenazine methosulfate (PMS) was from J. T. Baker Chemical Co. (Centre Valley, PA, USA). l-Arabinose and ampicillin were from Gold Biotechnology (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dithiothreitol (DTT) was from Melford Laboratories (Ipswich, UK). Acetone, butanone, acetoin, protease inhibitor cocktail and reduced NADPH were from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). 4-Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) chloride was from Boehringer Mannheim (Stuttgart, Germany). The QuikChange II Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit, including Escherichia coli strain XL1-Blue, was from Agilent (Santa Clara, CA, USA). Talon metal affinity resin was from ClonTech (Mountain View, CA, USA).

Maddock D.J., Patrick W.M, & Gerth M.L. (2015). Substitutions at the cofactor phosphate-binding site of a clostridial alcohol dehydrogenase lead to unexpected changes in substrate specificity. Protein Engineering, Design and Selection, 28(8), 251-258.

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Synthesis of Stretchable Silver Ink

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Example 1

Fluoroelastomer (DAI-EL G801, Daikin Industries) and butanone (Sigma Aldrich) were mixed with weight ratio of 1:2.55. After stirring with a magnetic stirrer for 6 hours, silver flakes (Sigma Aldrich, average particle size of 2-3.5 μm, >99.9% trace metals basis) were added to the solution in a 2.5:1 (silver:fluoroelastomer) weight ratio and mixed with magnetic stirrer for 4 h. 10 minutes sonication was applied to the solution to get well-dispersed stretchable silver ink. All procedures are carried out at room temperature.

US11849540B2. Elastic printed conductors (2023-12-19). THE GOVERNORS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA [CA]. Inventors: Hyun-Joong Chung [CA], Jana Rieger [CA], Thanh-Giang La [CA], Shide Qiu [CA], Dylan Scott [CA].

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HPLC Analysis of Volatile Compounds

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Sulfuric acid for HPLC analysis was employed (30,743 Honeywell Fluka 95–97%). MEthanol for RP-HPLC was purchased from Merck (34,860, ≥99.9%).
Standard solutions for HPLC (TraceCERT^®, 1,000 mg/L in water) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Analyte stock solutions were prepared by dissolving a weighed amount of the pure compound in deionized water and stored at 4°C up to 1 month. Ethanol, ¹³C-labeled Ethanol, acetoin, acetone, butanal, 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, butanedione, butanol, 2-methyl-butanol, 3-methyl-butanol, butanone, hexanal, mEthanol, methylacetate, 2-pentanol, propanal, 2-methylpropanal, propanol, 2-methyl-propanol, and sec-butanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Italy). All chemicals, having purity higher than 99%, were used without any further purification.
Solid-phase microextraction fiber based on 85 um carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) was employed for the preconcentration of volatile compounds in the HS.
Helium 5.6 IP was purchased from SOL Group Spa (Italy) and was further purified with a super clean filter purchased from Agilent Technologies (United States) to remove water, oxygen, and hydrocarbon contaminants.
Preparation/dilution of samples and solutions was performed gravimetrically using ultrapure water (Milli-Q; 18.2 MΩ cm⁻¹ at 25°C, Millipore, Bedford, MA, United States).

Campanella B., Colombaioni L., Nieri R., Benedetti E., Onor M, & Bramanti E. (2021). Unraveling the Extracellular Metabolism of Immortalized Hippocampal Neurons Under Normal Growth Conditions. Frontiers in Chemistry, 9, 621548.

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Enzymatic Synthesis of Organic Compounds

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Formaldehyde (37% aqueous solution), acetaldehyde
(≥99.5%), propionaldehyde (≥98.0%), benzaldehyde (≥99.5%),
butyraldehyde (≥99.5%), isobutyraldehyde (≥99.0%), valeraldehyde
(≥97.0%), isovaleraldehyde (≥97.0%), pyruvaldehyde (40%
aqueous solution), dl-lactaldehyde (≥95.0%), 2-hexanone
(≥99.5%), acetophenone (≥99.5%), butanone (≥99.9%),
2-pentanone (≥99.5%), 2-deoxy-d-ribose (≥97.0%),
2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate (≥95.0%), 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
(97.0%), o-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)-hydroxylamine
(≥99.0% hydrochloride salt), and 2-(dimethylamino)ethylhydrazine
(≥97.0% dihydrochloride salt) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
(St. Louis, MO). 4-Hydrazinobenzoic acid (98.0%) and 4-methoxyphenylhydrazine
(98.0%, hydrochloride salt) were purchased from Acros Organics (New
Jersey). Acetone (100%) was purchased from VMR (Fontenay-sous-Bois,
France); 3-pentanone (≥99.0%) was from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
The recombinant DERA enzyme was expressed in E. coli as described below in more details. All solvents (HPLC grade) were
obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further purification.
The DERA substrates were prepared in 50 mM ammonium acetate (pH 7.1),
while carbonyl compounds were in methanol and hydrazines samples were
prepared in water (HPLC grade) solution.

Thangaraj S.K., Voutilainen S., Andberg M., Koivula A., Jänis J, & Rouvinen J. (2019). Bioconjugation with Aminoalkylhydrazine for Efficient Mass Spectrometry-Based Detection of Small Carbonyl Compounds. ACS Omega, 4(8), 13447-13453.

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Worm Chemotaxis Assay Protocol

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Chemotaxis, or chemosensation experiments, were performed based on previously published assays (76 (link)). In brief, assays were performed on unseeded 10cm NGMs. Two marks were made on the back of the plate on opposite sides of the plate, approximately 0.5cm from the edge. 1μL of sodium azide (Thermo Fisher) was placed on both spots and allowed to dry before adding 1μL of test odorant diluted in ethanol on one side and ethanol on the other. Odorants included 0.1% and 10% butanone (vol/vol), 0.1% nonanol (2-nonanone)(vol/vol), 1% isoamyl alcohol (vol/vol), 1% benzaldehyde (vol/vol), 10% pyrazine (weight/vol), and 1% diacetyl (vol/vol) (all from Sigma Aldrich). Worms were washed off their plates and subsequently washed three times with M9 buffer, then placed near the bottom center of the plate, equidistant between the two marks, and allowed to chemotax for an hour. Chemotaxis indices for each timepoint were calculated as

C h e m o t a x i s i n d e x = (# w o r m s_{b u t a n o n e} - # w o r m s_{e t h a n o l}) / (t o t a l # w o r m s) .

Hayden A.N., Brandel K.L., Merlau P.R., Vijayakumar P., Leptich E.J., Pietryk E.W., Gaytan E.S., Ni C.W., Chao H.T., Rosenfeld J.A, & Arey R.N. (2024). Behavioral screening of conserved RNA-binding proteins reveals CEY-1/YBX RNA-binding protein dysfunction leads to impairments in memory and cognition. bioRxiv.

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