All of the substances were administered orally via gastric tube to ensure complete administration at 30 min before conditioning (training session, Tr). All of the drugs were dissolved in a 12% Tween®80 solution. Diazepam was purchased from Hoffman-La Roche (Brazil), and the dose of Diazepam used in this study was based on the earlier studies conducted in our laboratory [1 (link), 2 (link)]. The dose of CE used in this study was based on earlier studies conducted in our laboratory (manuscript in preparation). The buthanolic fraction (BuF), subfractions (BuF1-BuF6), vicenin-2, vitexin, isovitexin, 6-C-glycoside-diosmetin, and the flavonoid fractions FfA and FfB were administered at a rate of 500 mg.Kg−1 CE. The CE, subfractions and 12% Tween®80 were administered at 30 min prior to the training session.
Diazepam
Manufactured by Roche
Sourced in France, Switzerland, United States, Spain, Pakistan, Brazil
Diazepam is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Roche. It is a benzodiazepine compound used for various research and analytical purposes. The core function of Diazepam is to act as a reference standard or analytical tool for researchers and scientists.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Scopolamine methyl nitrate, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Trichloroacetic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Thiobarbituric acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ketamine, by Pfizer (3 mentions)
Piracetam, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Pilocarpine hydrochloride, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Pentylenetetrazole, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Flumazenil, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium valproate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Bicuculline, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Scopolamine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Fluoxetine, by Roche (2 mentions)
Formalin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Isoflurane, by Abbvie (2 mentions)
Propofol, by Fresenius (2 mentions)
Amiodarone, by Sanofi (2 mentions)
Fentanyl, by Kern & Sohn (2 mentions)
Adrenaline, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Griess reagent, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
48 protocols using diazepam
1
Oral Administration of Pharmacological Agents in Conditioning
2
GABA Estimation in Brain Tissue
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Bicuculline, clonazepam, diazepam, flumazenil, methyl-β-carboline-3-carboxylate (FG7142), pentylenetetrazole, sodium valproate, reduced glutathione, thiobarbituric acid, n-butanol, pyridine, sodium dodecyl sulphate, 5′5-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) and trichloroacetic acid were obtained from Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA. All other chemicals and reagents used in the brain γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content estimation were obtained from Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA. diazepam was obtained from Roche (France).
3
Subcutaneous Tumor Implantation in Nude Mice
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Six- to eight-week-old female nude mice (Nude-Foxn1 species (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA, USA)) were used. The mice were anesthetized with 100 µL of a mixture of the anaesthetics diazepam (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) and ketamine (Pfizer, New York, NY, USA) in a 1:3 ratio administered by intraperitoneal injection. Tumour samples (10 mm3 volume) were implanted subcutaneously on the right flank and developed in 3–7 weeks until reaching a minimum volume of 150 mm3 to start treatments. Tumours were measured using callipers.
4
Standardized Spinal Anesthesia Procedure
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For all patients, the same anesthesia procedure was applied. Twelve hours before surgery, 3800 IU of dalteparin (Fraxiparine; Aspen Pharma Trading Limited, Braine-L’Alleud, France) was administered subcutaneously, and 10 mg diazepam (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) was administered orally. The same surgeon and anesthesiologist performed all operations and anesthetization. All patients underwent regional lumbar spinal anesthesia, before which 3 mg of midazolam (Midazolam 5 mg/mL; B. Braun Melsungen AG, Germany) was administered to all patients intravenously as premedication. The lumbar spinal anesthetization was performed in an aseptic condition with patients in the lateral decubital position, using an atraumatic 25-G needle. When the subarachnoid space was reached, 3 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine (Marcaine 0.5% Spinal; Astra Zeneca, Courbevoie, France) was applied. A midline approach at the L3–L4 level was used for spinal blockade.
5
Evaluation of Pharmacological Agents
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Chemical with a high percentage of purity was used in the present study. Piracetam, scopolamine and most of the chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. The procurement of diazepam and fluoxetine was done from Roche Pharma (Switzerland) and Hilton Pharma (Pakistan) respectively. All pure available drugs were freshly dispensed in normal saline prior to the experiment.
6
Synthesis and Characterization of HA-TBA Hydrogel
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Hyaluronate tetrabutylammonium salt (HA-TBA, MW = 220 × 103) was a Contipro product (Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic); riboflavin tetrabutyrate (Rfv) was purchased from TCI Europe N.V., Zwijndrecht, Belgium; and N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP), 1,6-dibromohexane, piroxicam, glycerol, dextrose monohydrate and rhodamine B isothiocyanate (rho) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Schnelldorf, Germany). Furthermore, diazepam (Valium, Roche, Barcelona, Spain), ketamine (Ketolar, Parke-Davis, Madrid, Spain), atropine (atropine sulfate, Braun, Jaén, Spain), heparin (Heparin Leo 5%, BYK ELMU, Madrid, Spain) and medical grade silicone tubes (Dow Corning Silastic, Fisher Scientific, Madrid, Spain); internal diameter 0.5 mm, outer diameter 0.94 mm) were used. Other chemicals were reagent grade and were used without further purification.
7
Pilocarpine-Induced Epilepsy Model in Rats
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Rats were given LiCl (127 mg/kg, i.p.) 24 h before the pilocarpine treatment. Animals were intraperitoneally (i.p.) treated with pilocarpine (30 mg/kg) 20 min prior to atropine methylbromide (5 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment. Diazepam (Hoffman la Roche, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France; 10 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 2 h after onset of SE and repeated as needed. Control animals received saline in place of pilocarpine. The volume of each solution administered was 0.2 mL. Thereafter, rats were video-monitored 8 h a day for general behavior and occurrence of spontaneous seizures for 4 weeks after SE [14 (link),15 (link),38 (link),41 (link)]. Chronic epilepsy rats were classified by behavioral seizures with seizure score ≥3 more than once, according to Racine’s scale [63 (link)].
8
Pilocarpine-Induced Seizure Model
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Animals were given LiCl (127 mg/kg i.p.) 20 h before pilocarpine treatment. Animals were treated with pilocarpine (25 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min after scopolamine butylbromide (2 mg/kg, i.p.). Diazepam (Valium, Hoffman la Roche, France; 10 mg/kg, i.p.) was used to quell seizure activity 2 h after the onset of SE and re-administered as needed. Non-SE animals received saline in place of pilocarpine. Two hours after Diazepam treatment, animals were given saline or D-mannitol (30 mg/kg, i.p.) every 24 hr for 4 days.
9
Pharmacological Agents for Neurological Study
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Kainate was purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co., St. Louis (USA), phenobarbital and sodium valproate from Sanofi-Aventis (France), diazepam from Roche (France), and ketamine hydrochloride from Hospira Inc (USA). Other chemicals and reagents used for biochemical tests were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co., St. Louis (USA).
10
Pilocarpine-Induced Epilepsy Model in Wistar Rats
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Young adult male Wistar rats (180–200 g; Charles River, France) were injected with a low dose of methyl scopolamine nitrate (1 mg/kg, i.p.; Sigma, St Louis, MO), in order to minimize the peripheral effects of the pilocarpine hydrochloride (340 mg/kg; i.p.; Sigma) provided 30 min later to induce status epilepticus (SE). The period of SE was alleviated after 2 h with diazepam (8 mg/kg, i.p.; Roche, Boulogne-Billancourt, France). Pilocarpine-treated animals (n = 20) were observed periodically for general behavior and occurrence of spontaneous seizures. These animals were studied at several post-SE intervals: at 1 and 2 weeks, when animals displayed an apparently normal behavior (n = 3 at each interval), and at 2, 4 and 12 months, when the animals have developed spontaneous recurrent seizures (n = 5, 6 and 3, respectively). We previously demonstrated, using the same experimental conditions and continuous in vivo electroencephalographic recordings, that in these pilocarpine-treated rats, the first spontaneous seizures occur during the second or third week (range 12 and 18th day) after SE (Marcelin et al. 2009 (link)). Each group of pilocarpine-treated animals (1, 2 weeks, 2, 4 and 12 months) was compared to a group of age-matched untreated rats (controls; n = 15).
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