HPLC analysis was performed on a Waters 2695 HPLC system (Waters Corp, Milford, MA, USA) equipped with a Sunfire C18 ODS column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm), quaternary solvent manager and a 2998 PDA detector. Separation was conducted using water (A) and acetonitrile (B) with the following gradient: 0–5 min, 20% B; 5–10 min, 20%–27% B; 10–15 min, 27% B; 15–25 min, 27%–40% B; 25–35 min, 40%–60% B; 35–40 min, 60%–80% B; 40–42 min, 80%–100% B; 42–45 min, 100%–20% B; 45–50 min, 20% B. The flow rate was set as 1 mL·min-1 and the injection volume was 10 μL. The temperature of the column and samples were maintained at 25°C and 8°C, respectively. Metabolites were detected at the wavelength of 200–400 nm.
MS/MS was conducted on an AB TripleTOF 5600plus System (AB SCIEX, Framingham, MA, USA). MS2 spectra were obtained in positive ion mode (ESI) or negative ion mode and the exact mass was measured.