Phenylarsine oxide

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Phenylarsine oxide is a laboratory reagent used in various chemical and biochemical applications. It serves as a functional group, particularly in the context of organic synthesis and analytical chemistry. The core function of phenylarsine oxide is to act as a chemical intermediate and a versatile building block for the preparation of other compounds.

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Phenylarsine oxide (PAO) (17 citations)

21 protocols using phenylarsine oxide

Endocytosis Inhibitors for Cellular Uptake

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The endocytosis inhibitors used were previously described by Yumoto et al. [33 (link)]. Phenylarsine oxide, indomethacin, nystatin, and 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Chlorpromazine was purchased from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan). Phenylarsine oxide was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and diluted to 0.2–5 mM. indomethacin was dissolved in ethanol at 50°C and diluted to 5–100 mM. nystatin was dissolved in DMSO and diluted to 1–20 mM. 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride was dissolved in DMSO and diluted to 5–80 mM. Chlorpromazine was dissolved in PBS and diluted to 2–50 mM.

Maruyama K., Haniu H., Saito N., Matsuda Y., Tsukahara T., Kobayashi S., Tanaka M., Aoki K., Takanashi S., Okamoto M, & Kato H. (2015). Endocytosis of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in Bronchial Epithelial and Mesothelial Cells. BioMed Research International, 2015, 793186.

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Radioligand Binding Assay for CXCR4 Variants

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HEK 293E cells were seeded in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and penicillinstreptomycin (100 U/ml) (Life Technologies) in six-well plates and transiently transfected with polyethylenimine (PEI) (Polysciences Inc.) with WT, Ile⁴Ala/Ile⁶Ala, or Ile⁴Glu/Ile⁶Glu FLAG-hCXCR4 complementary DNA vector (2 μg per well). Radioligand binding assays were performed 48 hours after transfection. Cells were washed twice in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and incubated for 5 min with 100 μM phenylarsine oxide (Sigma-Aldrich) in PBS at 37°C. Cells were washed twice and resuspended in binding buffer [50 mM Hepes (pH 7.4), 5 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM CaCl₂, and 0.2% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA)], seeded in a 96-well flat-bottom plate at 20,000 cells per well, and incubated for 30 min at 37°C with 50 pM ¹²⁵I-CXCL12 (PerkinElmer) as a tracer and increasing concentrations of competing unlabeled chemokine. Bound radioactivity was separated from free ligands by filtration on borosilicate filter paper (Molecular Devices) treated with a 0.33% PEI solution. Receptor-bound radioactivity was quantified by gamma-radiation counting (PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences). Binding experiments were carried out in duplicate.

Ziarek J.J., Kleist A.B., London N., Raveh B., Montpas N., Bonneterre J., St-Onge G., DiCosmo-Ponticello C.J., Koplinski C.A., Roy I., Stephens B., Thelen S., Veldkamp C.T., Coffman F.D., Cohen M.C., Dwinell M.B., Thelen M., Peterson F.C., Heveker N, & Volkman B.F. (2017). Structural basis for chemokine recognition by a G protein-coupled receptor and implications for receptor activation. Science signaling, 10(471), eaah5756.

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Assessing Protease Activity in Bacitracin

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Bacitracin (Fluka Lot#13Z3372) was examined for protease activity using azocasein (Sigma-Aldrich Lot#039K7002) as a substrate and protease from Bacillis liceniformis (Sigma-Aldrich Lot#040M1970V) as a standard (Rogelj et al., 2000 (link)). A trace (<0.05%) of enzyme was detected and enzyme-free bacitracin reagent was prepared by gel filtration through Sephadex G100 (Rogelj et al., 2000 (link)). 16F16 (Lot#051M4613V), phenylarsine oxide (Lot#056K1654) and Rutin hydrate (quercetin-3-rutinoside:≥94%[HPLC] Lot#BCBH6323V) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. T3 (3,3’,5’ triiodo-L-thyonine: Sigma-Aldrich ≥ 95%[HPLC] Lot#016K1628V) was acetylated with acetic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Apollo Scientific) as described (Gallina et al., 2002 (link)) and the product shown to be homogeneous by thin layer chromatography. The propynoic acid carbamoyl methyl amines PACMA31 and PACMA56 were synthesised as described (Xu et al., 2012 (link)).

Cook G.M., Sousa C., Schaeffer J., Wiles K., Jareonsettasin P., Kalyanasundaram A., Walder E., Casper C., Patel S., Chua P.W., Riboni-Verri G., Raza M., Swaddiwudhipong N., Hui A., Abdullah A., Wajed S, & Keynes R.J. (2020). Regulation of nerve growth and patterning by cell surface protein disulphide isomerase. eLife, 9, e54612.

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Gliding Assay for Parasite Motility

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Gliding assays were performed as described before [5 (link)]. Briefly, freshly lysed parasites were allowed to glide on FBS-coated glass slides for 30 minutes before they were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) and stained with α-SAG1 under nonpermeabilising conditions. The mean values of three independent experiments ± SD were determined. Where drugs were used, parasites were pre-incubated for 10 minutes in the respective concentration before the start of the assay: 0.5 μM CD (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), 10 μM phenyl arsine oxide (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), or 50 μM trifluoperazine dihydrochloride (TFDC) (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). The same concentrations were used in the different assays.

Gras S., Jimenez-Ruiz E., Klinger C.M., Schneider K., Klingl A., Lemgruber L, & Meissner M. (2019). An endocytic-secretory cycle participates in Toxoplasma gondii in motility. PLoS Biology, 17(6), e3000060.

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Preparation of Stock Solutions for Inner Ear Research

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The following stock solutions were prepared and further diluted in artificial endolymph to the desired concentration. Di-3-ANEPPDHQ (D36801 ThermoFisher Scientific): 4 mM in pure DMSO diluted 100 times for use. Quinocarmycin analog DX-52-1 (a kind gift from the US National Cancer Institute, 96251-59-1): 22 mM in 50% DMSO and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) diluted to 1 mM for use. Note that the effective concentration in the endolymph is lower than 1 mM because the agent is diluted in the scala media fluids upon injection. Previous estimates suggest a 10× dilution factor^{16 (link)}. Phenylarsine Oxide (P3075-1G Sigma Aldrich): 45 mM in pure DMSO diluted to 1 mM for use.

Prasad S., Vona B., Diñeiro M., Costales M., González-Aguado R., Fontalba A., Diego-Pérez C., Subasioglu A., Bademci G., Tekin M., Cabanillas R., Cadiñanos J, & Fridberger A. (2020). Radixin modulates the function of outer hair cell stereocilia. Communications Biology, 3, 792.

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Investigating Cellular Oxidative Stress

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RG503H Resomer^® (PLGA), H2DCF-DA (2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate), DAF-FM DA (diaminofluorescein-FM diacetate), TBHP (tert-butyl hydroperoxide), curcumin, filipin III, nystatin, phenylarsine oxide, and chlorpromazine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Elacridar was supplied by Santa-Cruz Biotechnology Inc. (Dallas, TX, USA) and PapaNONOate (1-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-(3-aminopropyl)-3-propyl-1-triazene) by Enzo Life Sciences (Villeurbanne, France). ATTO540Q^® quencher was purchased from Atto-Tec Gmbh (Siegen, Ger-many). DiD (1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindodicar bocyanine, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate salt), RPMI-1640, fetal calf serum, glutamine, and antibiotics were purchased from Life Technologies (Saint-Aubin, France).

Betbeder D., Lipka E., Howsam M, & Carpentier R. (2015). Evolution of availability of curcumin inside poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles: impact on antioxidant and antinitrosant properties. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 10, 5355-5366.

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Mitochondrial Function Analysis Protocol

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Sucrose, 3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS), phosphoric acid, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA), glutamic acid, malic acid, CsA, phenylarsine oxide (PhAsO), diamide, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), bovine serum albumin (BSA), CaCl₂, carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazone (FCCP), verapamil, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were from Sigma–Aldrich, CsH was from Enzo Life Sciences, digitonin was from Calbiochem, Rh123 and Calcium Green-5N were from Invitrogen, copper-o-phenanthroline (Cu(OP)₂) was prepared just before use by mixing CuSO₄ with o-phenanthroline at a 1:2 molar ratio in double-distilled water. All chemicals were of the highest purity commercially available; 96-well plates were from Sacco S.r.l., Italy.

Roy S., Šileikytė J., Schiavone M., Neuenswander B., Argenton F., Aubé J., Hedrick M.P., Chung T.D., Forte M.A., Bernardi P, & Schoenen F.J. (2015). Discovery, Synthesis, and Optimization of Diarylisoxazole-3-carboxamides as Potent Inhibitors of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore. ChemMedChem, 10(10), 1655-1671.

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Ibuprofen Toxicological Assay with Kaolinite

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Ibuprofen (≥ 99.5%, Sigma-Aldrich) and 4-acetylbenzoic acid ((≥ 98%, Sigma-Aldrich) was used as reference material. During solution preparation, double DI Milli-Q water (Res > 18.2 MΩ, Millipore Advance A10) was used. Kaolinite, KGa-1b, from the Source Clay Repository in Washington County, Georgia, was used as a proxy soil mineral. In toxicological studies, dimethyl sulfoxide (certified ACS, Fisher Scientific) was used to prepare standard solution. Phenylarsine oxide (≥ 97%, Sigma-Aldrich) was used as the “complete kill” control. Nutrient broth (BD Difco^™) and Marine broth (BD Difco^™) served the bacterial growth media. Algal cells were grown using Alga-Gro® Freshwater medium (Carolina). MTT reagent ((3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide; Fisher) was prepared as 5mg/ml stock solution in PBS and added to a final concertation of 0.5 mg/ml.

Rubasinghege G., Gurung R., Rijal H., Maldonado-Torres S., Chan A., Acharya S., Rogelj S, & Piyasena M. (2017). Abiotic Degradation and Environmental Toxicity of Ibuprofen: Roles of Mineral Particles and Solar Radiation. Water research, 131, 22-32.

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Radiolabeled Compounds for Cellular Studies

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The following tritium radiolabeled compounds were used during the project: [³H]-Uracil (40 Ci/mmol), [³H]-Thymidine (71.7 Ci/mmol), [³H]-Uridine (60 Ci/mmol) were obtained from PerkinElmer (Waltham, MA, USA). [³H]-Cytidine (20 Ci/mmol) was purchased from American Radiolabeled Chemicals Incorporated (St Louis, MO, USA). Uridine, Uracil, Thymidine, 5-FlourUracil, 5-FlouroUridine, 2’-DeoxyUridine, 3’-deoxyThymidine, Sulfadiazine, NBMPR, Adenosine, Inosine, resazurin sodium salt and Phenyl Arsine Oxide were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (Poole, UK). 5-Flouro 2’DeoxyUridine was from VWR; 5-MethylUridine was from Alfa Aesar; 2’,3’-dideoxyUridine was from Carbosynth; Pyrimethamine was from Fluka; Ara-A was from ICN Biomedicals.

Elati H.A., Goerner A.L., Martorelli Di Genova B., Sheiner L, & de Koning H.P. (2023). Pyrimidine salvage in Toxoplasma gondii as a target for new treatment. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 13, 1320160.

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High-throughput Drug Screening for Trypanosoma

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For all the STIB900 lines drug sensitivities were determined with the Alamar blue assay [27 (link)]. T. b. brucei B48 drug sensitivities were determined as described using a slightly modified protocol [28 (link)]. The SoftMax Pro software and Prism 5 (GraphPad) were used to calculate 50 % inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) by non-linear regression fitting to a sigmoidal dose–response curve. All assays were performed at least three times independently, each in duplicate or triplicate. The following compounds were tested, each individually: melarsoprol (Sanofi-Aventis/WHO), eflornithine (Sanofi-Aventis), DB75 (Immtech), fexinidazole (DNDi, Geneva), nifurtimox (WHO, Geneva), suramin (Bayer), pentamidine isethionate, diminazene aceturate, phenylarsine oxide, aminopurinol, cordycepin, adenosine arabinoside, and tubercidin (Sigma). Statistical tests were performed with GraphPad Prism 5.0.

Graf F.E., Ludin P., Arquint C., Schmidt R.S., Schaub N., Kunz Renggli C., Munday J.C., Krezdorn J., Baker N., Horn D., Balmer O., Caccone A., de Koning H.P, & Mäser P. (2016). Comparative genomics of drug resistance in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 73, 3387-3400.

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