Duloxetine hydrochloride

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Duloxetine hydrochloride is a white to off-white crystalline solid. It is a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used as a pharmaceutical active ingredient.

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Duloxetine (17 citations) Hydrochlorides (2 citations)

8 protocols using duloxetine hydrochloride

In Vitro Metabolic Profiling of Propolis

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Duloxetine hydrochloride, apigenin, caffeic acid, chrysin, galangn, kaempferide, kaempferol, p-coumaric acid, Duloxetine hydrochloride, 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU) and the reduced form of β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). 4-Hydroxy duloxetine was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Artepillin C purchased from Wako Pure Chemicals (Osaka, Japan). Pooled human liver microsomes (BD UltraPool™ HLM 150, lot 38289) were purchased from BD Gentest Co. (Woburn, MA, USA). The manufacturer supplied information regarding the protein concentration, CYP content, and enzyme activity. Propolis capsules were purchased from Natural Immix Health Ltd. (Port Coquitlam, BC, Canada). The ratio of the starting crude material to the powdered extract was 5:1. Propolis capsules contained only propolis extract from bee hive of the honey bee without additives. All other reagents and chemicals were of analytical or HPLC grade.

Ryu C.S., Oh S.J., Oh J.M., Lee J.Y., Lee S.Y., Chae J.W., Kwon K.I, & Kim S.K. (2016). Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 by Propolis in Human Liver Microsomes. Toxicological Research, 32(3), 207-213.

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Pharmacological Effects on Zebrafish Development

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Adult wild type zebrafish were obtained from Carolina Biological Supply and have been housed at Brown University over several generations in multiple 10 and 20 gallon tanks. For breeding purposes, the zebrafish were kept in mixed male and female populations on a 14 hour light/10 hour dark cycle. The fish were fed a combination of Gemma fish food, frozen brine shrimp, and frozen bloodworms. Embryos were collected from the tanks at the beginning of the light cycle (“dawn”) and were immediately transferred to deep Petri dishes (Fisher 08-752-11Z) containing ‘egg water’ (0.06 g of Instant Ocean and 0.25 mg of methylene blue per liter of deionized water). The embryos were then treated with various dilutions of bupropion hydrochloride (Sigma B102), sertraline (Sigma S6319), or duloxetine hydrochloride (Sigma SML0474) and grown in an incubator at 28.5 °C with a 14 hour light/10 hour dark cycle at a density of 60–70 embryos per culture dish.

Richendrfer H, & Creton R. (2017). Cluster analysis profiling of behaviors in zebrafish larvae treated with antidepressants and pesticides. Neurotoxicology and teratology, 69, 54-62.

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Comprehensive Chemical Compound Acquisition

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We purchased econazole nitrate, duloxetine hydrochloride, doxapram hydrochloride monohydrate, clemastine fumarate salt, sertaconazole nitrate, isavuconazole, rupintrivir, and zopiclone from Sigma-Aldrich; pimavanserin, trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride, reboxetine mesylate, sertindole, bepridil hydrochloride, darunavir, nelfinavir mesylate, indinavir sulfate, lopinavir, tipranavir, saquinavir, pirenzepine hydrochloride, oxiconazole nitrate, pimozide, and rimonabant from Cayman Chemicals; ebastine and itraconazole from Alfa Aesar; metixene hydrochloride hydrate and lemborexant from MedChemExpress; fexofenadine hydrochloride from TCI Chemicals; ketoconazole from Acros Organics; clotiapine from Enzo Life Sciences; and oxyphencyclimine from Boc Sciences. We acquired Sub3 with the sequence as DABCYL−Lys−Thr−Ser−Ala−Val−Leu−Gln−Ser−Gly−Phe−Arg−Lys−Met−Glu−EDANS from Bachem Inc. DABCYL is the abbreviated form of 4-(dimethylaminoazo)benzene-4-carboxylic acid and EDANS is the abbreviated form of 5-((2-Aminoethyl)amino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid.

Vatansever E.C., Yang K.S., Drelich A.K., Kratch K.C., Cho C.C., Kempaiah K.R., Hsu J.C., Mellott D.M., Xu S., Tseng C.T, & Liu W.R. (2021). Bepridil is potent against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(10), e2012201118.

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Characterization of Pharmaceutical Compounds

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Amorolfine hydrochloride (IUPAC name (2R,6S)-2,6-dimethyl-4-[2-methyl-3-[4-(2-methylbutan-2-yl)phenyl]propyl]morpholine;hydrochloride);
Benzethonium chloride (IUPAC name benzyl-dimethyl-[2-[2-[4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenoxy]ethoxy]ethyl]azanium;chloride);
Duloxetine hydrochloride (IUPAC name (3S)-N-methyl-3-naphthalen-1-yloxy-3-thiophen-2-ylpropan-1-amine;hydrochloride);
were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (cat. Y0001795, B8879, PHR1865 respectively).

De Mario A., Tosatto A., Hill J.M., Kriston-Vizi J., Ketteler R., Vecellio Reane D., Cortopassi G., Szabadkai G., Rizzuto R, & Mammucari C. (2021). Identification and functional validation of FDA-approved positive and negative modulators of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter. Cell Reports, 35(12), 109275.

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Antidepressant Effects on Liver Biochemistry

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Fluoxetine hydrochloride, Imipramine hydrochloride, and Duloxetine hydrochloride were obtained from Sigma‐Aldrich (US). Tris‐hydroxymethyl aminomethane, 2‐thiobarbituric acid, 5, 5‐dithio nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (US). Pyridoxine hydrochloride, 2‐pyrrolidone‐5‐carboxylic acid, N‐acetyl cysteine, 1, 1‐3, 3‐tetramethoxypropane, and glutathione (GSH) powder were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (USA). The kits for liver biochemistry assay (ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin) were obtained from Sigma‐Aldrich (US).

Zahir M., Shariatzadeh S., Khosravi A., Alshaikh F.A., Moradi P., Ghaderi M., Farsinejad P., Louyeh P.A., Ilkhani S., Nakhaei P., Taheri A., Fagheh A.F, & Akhavan‐Sigari R. (2021). High risk of drug toxicity in social isolation stress due to liver dysfunction: Role of oxidative stress and inflammation. Brain and Behavior, 11(8), e2317.

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Pharmacological Evaluation of Anticonvulsant Drugs

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The following drugs/chemicals were used: STZ (lot number WXBC8740V), amitriptyline hydrochloride (lot number LRAA9172), duloxetine hydrochloride (lot number LRAB0283), carbamazepine (lot number MKCF7846), and gabapentin (lot number LRAA5714) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). NPH insulin (lot number S19V698) and Tramadol hydrochloride parenteral solution were obtained from AMSA (Mexico City, Mexico) and Pisa Biotec (Guadalajara, Mexico), respectively. Diclofenac was donated by Senosiain S.A de C.V (Mexico City, Mexico). All drugs were dissolved in 0.9% sterile saline solution and prepared the same day they were tested.

Castañeda-Corral G., Velázquez-Salazar N.B., Martínez-Martínez A., Taboada-Serrano J.N., Núñez-Aragón P.N., González-Palomares L., Acosta-González R.I., Petricevich V.L., Acevedo-Fernández J.J., Montes S, & Jiménez-Andrade J.M. (2021). Characterization of Mechanical Allodynia and Skin Innervation in a Mouse Model of Type-2 Diabetes Induced by Cafeteria-Style Diet and Low-Doses of Streptozotocin. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, 628438.

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Acquisition of Diverse Pharmacological Compounds

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We purchased econazole nitrate, duloxetine hydrochloride, doxapram hydrochloride monohydrate, clemastine fumarate salt, sertaconazole nitrate, isavuconazole, rupintrivir, and zopiclone from Sigma-Aldrich, pimavanserin, trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride, reboxetine mesylate, sertindole, bepridil hydrochloride, darunavir, nelfinavir mesylate, indinavir sulfate, lopinavir, tipranavir, saquinavir, pirenzepine hydrochloride, oxiconazole nitrate, pimozide, and rimonabant from Cayman Chemicals, ebastine and itraconazole from Alfa Aesar, metixene hydrochloride hydrate and lemborexant from MedChemExpress, fexofenadine hydrochloride from TCI Chemicals, ketoconazole from Acros Organics, clotiapine from Enzo Life Sciences, and oxyphencyclimine from Boc Sciences. We acquired Sub3 with the sequence as DABCYL-Lys-Thr-Ser-Ala-Val-Leu-Gln-Ser-Gly-Phe-Arg-Lys-Met-Glu-EDANS from Bachem Inc.

Vatansever E.C., Yang K., Kratch K.C., Drelich A., Cho C.C., Mellott D.M., Xu S., Tseng C.T, & Liu W.R. (2020). Bepridil is potent against SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro. bioRxiv.

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Paclitaxel Formulation Development and Evaluation

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Paclitaxel injection was purchased from Bristol-Myers Squibb India Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai. Duloxetine hydrochloride and Methylcobalamin were procured in the pure powder form from the Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Carbopol ultrez, PEG 1500, HPMC, Propylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide and trichloroacetic acid were purchased from Merck, Germany. Glycerine and benzyl alcohol were procured from Thomas Baker Pvt Ltd, Mumbai, India. ELISA kits were purchased from PeproTech (Israel). Analytical grade reagents were used in this study and always freshly prepared before the use.

Chahal S.K., Sodhi R.K, & Madan J. (2020). Duloxetine hydrochloride loaded film forming dermal gel enriched with methylcobalamin and geranium oil attenuates paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy in rats. IBRO Reports, 9, 85-95.

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