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Potassium oxonate

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Potassium oxonate is a chemical compound used in laboratory settings. It is a white, crystalline powder that serves as a precursor for the synthesis of other chemical compounds. The core function of potassium oxonate is to provide a source of the potassium and oxonate ions for various chemical reactions and applications.

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Lab products found in correlation

Allopurinol, by Merck Group (17 mentions) Xanthine, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Uric acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Hypoxanthine, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Indomethacin, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Benzbromarone, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (3 mentions) Adenine, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Carboxymethylcellulose, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Gallic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Uric acid assay kit, by Bioclin (2 mentions) Folin ciocalteu reagent, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Probenecid, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Sulforhodamine b srb, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Milli q system, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Monosodium urate msu crystals, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Sprague dawley rat, by Charles River Laboratories (1 mentions) 1 chloro 2 4 dinitrobenzene cdnb, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Hematoxylin and eosin h e, by Merck Group (1 mentions) 3 3 diaminobenzidine dab sc 216567, by Santa Cruz Biotechnology (1 mentions)

37 protocols using potassium oxonate

1

Induced Hyperuricemia in Animal Models

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After acclimatization, animals from each strain/genotype described above
were fed ad libitum a Western-type diet (Teklad TD.88137, Envigo, Indianapolis,
Indiana, USA) custom modified (TestDiet, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) to contain 2%
potassium oxonate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA), or a
calorie-matched and nutrient-matched control diet (with KCl used to match for
the K+ content of potassium oxonate) for 6–18 weeks. Dietary
manipulation with 2% potassium oxonate, in the absence of dietary uric acid or
purine supplements, has been previously shown to cause mild hyperuricemia (serum
uric acid increased 1.5- fold to 2-fold vs normal levels), with no overt renal
disease or intrarenal urate crystal deposition.19 (link) In addition, the xanthine oxidase
inhibitor febuxostat (Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Deerfield, Illinois, USA)
was administered in the drinking water at a calculated dose of 6 mg/kg/day as
previously described20 to
lower uric acid levels in subgroups of rats, as detailed in the Results section. In separate experiments aimed to
achieve a greater contrast in serum uric acid levels, rats were fed a diet
supplemented with 2% potassium oxonate and 2% uric acid, or a control diet
calorie-matched and nutrient-matched as above. All diets were custom
modifications of the TestDiet Western Diet 5342 (Test Diet, Richmond, Indiana,
USA).
Park S.K., Rosenthal T.R., Williams J.S., Shelton J.M., Takahashi M., Zhang S, & Bobulescu I.A. (2018). Metabolic and cardiovascular effects of chronic mild hyperuricemia in rodents. Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research, 66(7), 1037-1044.
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2

Aristolochia bracteolata Leaf Phytochemical Analysis

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Aristolochia bracteolata leaves were procured from authorized supplier and identified using literature provided. All the chemicals of analytical grade were used. Petroleum ether, ethanol, ethylacetate, chloroform and acetone were procured from Nanjing Hanbang Chemical Reagent Company (Nanjing, PR China). Allopurinol, XOD and potassium oxonate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (USA). From the local laboratory chemical suppliers, authentic kits for quantification of biochemical markers such as uric acid, BUN and creatinine were brought. All other chemicals used were of analytical grade and purchased from Sigma (USA).
Li Y.P., Wu S., Ran A., Xu D.Y., Wei J.M, & Zhao Z.L. (2017). ARISTOLOCHIA BRACTEOLATE RETZ. ATTENUATES HYPERURICEMIA IN A METABOLIC ARTHRITIS RAT MODEL. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines, 14(4), 180-187.
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3

Maternal hyperuricemia in rats

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Timed mated Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained at gestational day 13 (G13) (Charles River Laboratories, Qc, Canada) and kept in a controlled 20°C environment with a 12h light/dark cycle and access to food and water ad libitum. Pregnant dams were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) every 12h starting at G18 until G21 with uric acid crystals (monosodium urate (MSU) crystals; 250, 500 or 100μg/kg/12h; Sigma-Aldrich, ON, Canada) combined with potassium oxonate (125mg/kg/day; Sigma-Aldrich, ON, Canada). potassium oxonate is needed to block the enzyme uricase, which is absent in human but present in rodents and rapidly degrades uric acid33 (link). No differences between vehicle (PBS) or potassium oxonate injected animals were observed in term of uric acid levels or inflammatory markers in the placenta (or fetal weight). Therefore both were combined and are shown as vehicle-injected in the results. Six dams/litters were used in each experimental group.
Brien M.E., Duval C., Palacios J., Boufaied I., Hudon-Thibeault A.A., Nadeau-Vallée M., Vaillancourt C., Sibley C.P., Abrahams V.M., Jones R.L, & Girard S. (2016). Uric acid crystals induces placental inflammation and alters trophoblast function via an IL-1-dependent pathway: implication for FGR. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 198(1), 443-451.
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4

Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia study

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Potassium oxonate (catalog# 156124), carvacrol (catalog# W224511) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), while allopurinol was obtained from Pharmedic Laboratories (Pvt.) Ltd. (Lahore, Pakistan). The primary antibodies TNF-α (SC-52B83) and nuclear factor-kappa B (p-NF-κB) (SC-271908) and other immunohistochemistry-related consumables, including the Elite ABC kit (SC-2018) and 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB; SC-216567), were procured from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). The biotinylated secondary antibody (ab-6789) and DPX mounting media were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for rat NLPR3 (CAS# A5652) was purchased from Shanghai MLBIO Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), while the ELISA kit for rat TNF-α (Catalog# E-EL-R0019) was obtained from Elabscience (Houston, TX, USA). The kits for uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were purchased from Beckman Coulter (Brea, CA, USA). All other consumables including formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase, trichloroacetic acid, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), ethanol, xylene, and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains were purchased from (Sigma-Aldrich).
Riaz M., Al Kury L.T., Atzaz N., Alattar A., Alshaman R., Shah F.A, & Li S. (2022). Carvacrol Alleviates Hyperuricemia-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation by Modulating the NLRP3/NF-κB Pathwayt. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 16, 1159-1170.
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5

Potassium Oxonate Delivery in CMC-Na

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Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (0.5%; CMC-Na) (C5678 Sigma-Aldrich, 28006 Madrid, Spain) was prepared with sterile physiological saline as the solvent for potassium oxonate (PO; 156124 Sigma-Aldrich). potassium oxonate was suspended in CMC-Na. The injected dose was 250 mg/kg and adjusted to the weight of each animal.
Rodríguez-Rovira I., López-Sainz A., Palomo-Buitrago M.E., Pérez B., Jiménez-Altayó F., Campuzano V, & Egea G. (2023). Hyperuricaemia Does Not Interfere with Aortopathy in a Murine Model of Marfan Syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(14), 11293.
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6

Urate-Induced Renal Injury Model

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Intact plants of SM were purchased from Yi Chang in Hubei province, China. The samples were identified by authors (Prof. Ke-li Chen). Specimens of these plants were deposited in the herbarium, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, China.
Sodium urate, potassium oxonate, adenine, allopurinol, colchicine, XOD, and xanthine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. The UA, BUN, Cr, MPO, MDA, SOD kits, TNF-α, and IL-1β ELISA kits were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing City, China.
Zhao P., Chen K.L., Zhang G.L., Deng G.R, & Li J. (2017). Pharmacological Basis for Use of Selaginella moellendorffii in Gouty Arthritis: Antihyperuricemic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2017, 2103254.
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7

Uric Acid Degradation by E. coli Nissle

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When UA degradation was assayed in buffer, 20 mL of resuspended induced cells at defined OD600 was directly transferred into a 50 mL centrifuge tube. UA was added at 1 mM to initiate the reaction, and the tube was incubated at 37°C with shaking (200 rpm) for 60 min. If necessary, a gradient of potassium oxonate (156124, Sigma‐Aldrich) was added into the reaction mixture to check its inhibition effect for UA degradation. Samples were taken at 15 min intervals. After centrifugation at 13000 rpm for 3 min, the concentrations of UA in supernatant were determined by the spectrophotometric method.
The UA degradation ability of whole cells was also assayed in serum samples or whole blood samples from mice. Commercial mice serum from mice of 4 to 6 weeks of age (SMA100, YZYBIO) was purchased. 2 mL of the whole blood samples were also collected from 6 weeks old and 12 weeks old mice. The prepared whole cells of EcN were harvested and resuspended in the samples of serum or whole blood. Defined concentration of UA was added to initiate the UA degradation assay. The concentrations of UA at defined time intervals were determined by using either the UA assay kit or the UA meter.
Zhao R., Li Z., Sun Y., Ge W., Wang M., Liu H., Xun L, & Xia Y. (2022). Engineered Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 with urate oxidase and an oxygen-recycling system for hyperuricemia treatment. Gut Microbes, 14(1), 2070391.
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8

HPLC-based Quantification of Anti-Inflammatory Compounds

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HPLC-grade MeOH and acetonitrile were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany), HPLC-grade orthophosphoric acid was obtained from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom) while pure water for HPLC was obtained from ultrapure water system machine (PureLab, United States). Dexamethasone phosphate was obtained from Duopharma (M) Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia. Lymphoprep was obtained from Axis-Shield PoC AS (Oslo, Norway), while indomethacin, allopurinol, potassium oxonate, uric acid, xanthine substrate, unlabelled PGE2, anti-PGE2, HEPES, FBS, penicillin streptomycin solution and RPMI-1640 medium containing L-glutamine were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, United States). Xanthine oxidase from bovine milk (20 U/mL) was purchased from Roche Diagnostic GmbH (Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany). IL-8 ELISA kits were purchased from Abnova, Germany. Kits for determination of xanthine oxidase activity and plasma uric were purchased from BioVision (Milpitas, CA, United States), while all of the other kits were purchased from Cayman, United States. Radiolabelled PGE2 ([3H]-PGE2, 50 μCi/mmol) and liquid scintillation cocktail were purchased from Perkin Elmer (MA, United States).
Rahmi E.P., Kumolosasi E., Jalil J., Husain K., Buang F., Abd. Razak A.F, & Jamal J.A. (2020). Anti-hyperuricemic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Marantodes pumilum as Potential Treatment for Gout. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, 289.
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9

Emodin Inhibits Uric Acid Levels

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Potassium oxonate (PO; high-performance liquid chromatography purity >97%, Product No.: 156124), carboxymethylcellulose (sodium salt, low viscosity, Product No.: C5678), Tween 80 (Product No.: P4780), uric acid (sodium salt, Product No.: U2875), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, ≥99.9%, Product No.: 472301), and allopurinol (a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, Product No.: A8003) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The uric acid inhibitory agent, emodin (90%, Product No.: ST-7788), was purchased from Combi-Blocks, Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA). All test agents were of analytical grade. Emodin (10 mg/kg body weight) was prepared by dissolving 10 mg in 0.05 mL of DMSO (≥99.9%) and adding water to a final volume of 10 mL (the final concentration of DMSO is 0.5%). Other doses of emodin were prepared as required. Serum and urinary biochemical profiles were assessed using commercial kits [37 (link)].
Hou S.W., Chen S.J., Shen J.D., Chen H.Y., Wang S.J., Wang C.H., Man K.M., Liu P.L., Tsai M.Y., Chen Y.H, & Chen W.C. (2023). Emodin, a Natural Anthraquinone, Increases Uric Acid Excretion in Rats with Potassium Oxonate-Induced Hyperuricemia. Pharmaceuticals, 16(6), 789.
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10

Uric Acid Regulation Pathway Assay

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TRIzol and potassium oxonate (PO) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Allopurinol was purchased from Jiulian Co., Ltd (Hefei, China). Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was purchased from Guichi Co., Ltd (Hangzhou, China). Phosphate-buffered saline was purchased from Solarbio Company (Beijing, China). Benzbromarone was purchased from Heumann Pharma GmbH (Nurnberg, Bavaria, Germany). Absolute ethyl alcohol was purchased from the fine chemical plant of the Laiyang Economic and Technological Development Zone (Yantai, Shandong Province, China). Trichloromethane was purchased from Shuangshuang Chemical Plant (Yantai, Shandong Province, China). Isopropanol was purchased from Fuyu Fine Chemical Industry (Tianjin, China). Diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) was purchased from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China). A TRUEscript 1st strand cDNA synthesis kit and SYBR Green qPCR mix were purchased from Aidlab Biotechnologies Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Creatinine, urea nitrogen, and reagent kits were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Biological Company (Nanjing, China).
You W., Wang J., Zou Y., Che K., Hou X., Fei H, & Wang Y. (2019). Modified Chuanhu anti-gout mixture, a traditional Chinese medicine, protects against potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia and renal dysfunction in mice. The Journal of International Medical Research, 47(5), 1927-1935.
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