N butanol

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Germany, United States, India, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, France

N-butanol is a colorless, flammable liquid that is commonly used as a solvent in various industrial and laboratory applications. It has the chemical formula C4H9OH. N-butanol is a versatile compound that serves as a core function in numerous chemical processes and operations.

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Lab products found in correlation

Methanol, by Merck Group (46 mentions) Ethyl acetate, by Merck Group (31 mentions) Ethanol, by Merck Group (27 mentions) Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (27 mentions) Chloroform, by Merck Group (23 mentions) Thiobarbituric acid, by Merck Group (21 mentions) Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (21 mentions) N hexane, by Merck Group (21 mentions) Gallic acid, by Merck Group (19 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (19 mentions) Acetic acid, by Merck Group (18 mentions) 2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (18 mentions) Trichloroacetic acid, by Merck Group (17 mentions) Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (15 mentions) Ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (13 mentions) Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (13 mentions) Potassium chloride (kcl), by Merck Group (13 mentions) Phosphoric acid, by Merck Group (13 mentions) Formic acid, by Merck Group (11 mentions) Sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (10 mentions)

Close spelling variants of this product

N-butanol: pyridine Anhydrous n-butanol Butanol

222 protocols using n butanol

Monorhinal and Birhinal Olfaction Assessment

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Odor threshold testing was performed using the BTT. A series of 10 concentrations of N-butanol (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) was generated by serially diluting 4% N-butanol with mineral oil (Sigma-Aldrich). The test was performed in each nostril separately, to evaluate monorhinal olfaction, and in both nostrils simultaneously, to evaluate birhinal olfaction. The study subjects were presented with two polyethylene bottles, one with mineral oil and the other with butanol, and they were asked to choose the bottle with butanol. The test was repeated until the butanol bottle was correctively identified by the examinees in five consecutive trials. The examination was started at a concentration level of 10. The lowest concentration at which the butanol bottle was correctly identified 5 times consecutively was designated as the threshold level.
Eleven patients in group 1 underwent septoplasty. With these patients, BTT tests were conducted 6 months after surgery in 5 individuals who did not have a disease potentially affecting olfaction, such as acute/chronic rhinosinusitis, allergic rhinitis, or a tumor.

Choi Y.S., Ryu Y.J., Rhee J., Seok J., Han S., Jin H.R, & Kim D.W. (2016). Clinical Implications of Septal Deviation in Lateralized Olfaction. Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology, 9(1), 39-43.

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Analytical Methods for Oxidative Stress

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Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), 2,4,6-Tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), n-butanol, hexadecyl tri-methyl ammonium bromide (HETAB), ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrochloric acid (HCl), acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), O-dianisidine hydrochloride, ferric chloride (FeCl₃-6H₂O), Coomassie reagent, bovine serum albumin, sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH₂PO₄), potassium hydrogen diphosphate (K₂HPO₄), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), n-butanol, phosphate buffer, and ethanol from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), rat-specific TNF-α and interleukin-1β ELISA kits (from Bender MedSystems GmbH, Austria), trichloroacetic acid (CCl₃ COOH), ether, tetraethoxypropane, L-NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME), aminoguanidine (AG), and acetic acid (Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland) were used in this study.

Dolatabadi F., Abdolghaffari A.H., Farzaei M.H., Baeeri M., Ziarani F.S., Eslami M., Abdollahi M, & Rahimi R. (2018). The Protective Effect of Melissa officinalis L. in Visceral Hypersensitivity in Rat Using 2 Models of Acid-induced Colitis and Stress-induced Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Possible Role of Nitric Oxide Pathway. Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 24(3), 490-501.

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Fractionation and Characterization of Botanical Compounds

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To obtain the ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions, BCP and BB samples (≈500 mg each) were dispersed in water (10 mL × 3), vortexed for approx. 1 min and then incubated overnight at room temperature. After centrifugation for 10 min at 4000× g, the supernatant aqueous fraction was collected and filtered, and the samples were further subjected to liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate (10 mL × 3) (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and n-butanol (10 mL × 3) (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), successively, to extract the non-polar constituents (lipids; ethyl acetate fraction; 1-BB-Et, 4-BB-Et, 6P-BCP-Et), the medium-polar components (polyphenols, sugars; n-butanol fraction; 1-BB-Bu, 4-BB-Bu, 6P-BCP-Bu), respectively, and the remaining aqueous fractions with polar constituents (sugars and proteins; aqueous fraction; 4-BB-H, 6P-BCP-H). All obtained fractions were concentrated to dryness under vacuum (20 °C) and placed in activated desiccators with P₂O₅ until their weights were stabilized. Samples were analyzed by GC-MS (fractions 1-BB-Et, 4-BB-Et, 6P-BCP-Et), LC-MS (fractions 1-BB-Bu, 4-BB-Bu and 6P-BCP-Bu) and NMR (fractions 1-BB, 4-BB, 6P-BCP, 1-BB-Et, 4-BB-Et, 6P-BCP-Et, 1-BB-Bu, 4-BB-Bu and 6P-BCP-Bu).

Dimitriou T.G., Asoutis Didaras N., Barda C., Skopeliti D., Kontogianni K., Karatasou K., Skaltsa H, & Mossialos D. (2023). Antiviral Activity of Beebread, Bee-Collected Pollen and Artificially Fermented Follen against Influenza A Virus. Foods, 12(10), 1978.

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Extraction and Fractionation of Terminalia catappa Linn. Leaves

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The Terminalia catappa Linn. leaves were cultivated in an experimental field of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luiz, Maranhão, Brazil. The sample was collected from September 2018 to November 2018. The exsiccatae were prepared and sent to the “Herbário Ático Seabra” of the Federal University of Maranhão for botanical identification. The leaves were dried separately in an oven with air circulation at 37°C for 48 hours, followed by being ground by means of a mill. The dry, ground material (approximately 200 g) was macerated with approximately 800 mL of 70% ethanol at ambient temperature for 24 hours. This process was repeated four times, and the extract obtained was filtered and then concentrated using a rota-evaporator. The dry residue was suspended in MeOH/H₂O (80:20, v/v), and the samples were sequentially submitted to liquid-liquid fractioning with hexane (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), followed by ethyl acetate (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and n-butanol (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), resulting in three fractions: hexane (FHexTC), ethyl acetate (FAcOEtTC), and n-butanol (FBuTC) fractions. The FBuTC was concentrated using the rota-evaporator and stored in an amber flask until the experiments were performed.

Gonçalves L.M., Madeira P.L., Diniz R.S., Nonato R.F., de Siqueira F.S., de Sousa E.M., Farias D.C., Rocha F.M., Rocha C.H., Lago A.D, & Monteiro C.D. (2019). Effect of Terminalia catappa Linn. on Biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata and on Changes in Color and Roughness of Acrylic Resin. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2019, 7481341.

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Antioxidant and Phytochemical Evaluation

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All reagents and chemicals including gallic acid, rutin, quercetin, aluminum chloride (AlCl₃), ferric chloride (FeCl₃·7H₂O), Folin-Ciocalteu, oxalic acid, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), hydrochloric acid (HCl), Na₂CO₃, ammonium molybdate, potassium ferricyanide (K₃Fe(CN)₆), catechin, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylobenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid diammonium salt) (ABTS) are products of Sigma-Aldrich, South Africa. Others such as anhydrous sodium carbonate, sodium nitrite (NaNO₂), ethanol, methanol, n-butanol, sodium acetate, butylated hydroxyoluene (BHT), diethyl ether, glacial acetic acid, sulfanilic acid, potassium persulfate, and sodium nitroprusside were also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All the reagents used were of analytical grade.

Abifarin T.O., Afolayan A.J, & Otunola G.A. (2019). Phytochemical and Antioxidant Activities of Cucumis africanus L.f.:: A Wild Vegetable of South Africa. Journal of Evidence-based Integrative Medicine, 24, 2515690X19836391.

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Synthesis of Metal-Organic Nanostructures

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Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O and Al(NO₃)₃·9H₂O were purchased by Riedel-de-Haën (Selze, Germany). AgNO₃ by Carlo Erba (Milan, Italy), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr), n-butanol, isooctane, NH₃, cefazolin, and nalidixic acid are a Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany) product. Deionized water was obtained by a reverse osmosis process using a Milli Q system (Millipore, Rome, Italy).

Nocchetti M., Boccalon E., Pica M., Giordano N.M., Finori F., Pietrella D, & Cipiciani A. (2022). Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance: Playing the ‘Silver Nanobullet’ Card. Materials, 15(3), 932.

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Hepatoprotective Evaluation of Plant Extract

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Chemicals and reagents used were distilled water (EPHARM, Ethiopia), 2% Tween80 (Oxford Lab Fine Chem LLP, India), absolute methanol (SIGMA-ALDRICH, Germany), n-butanol (SIGMA-ALDRICH, Germany), chloroform (SIGMA-ALDRICH, Germany), CCl4 (Oxford Lab Fine Chem LLP, India), 10% formalin (Novochem Engineering, India), ether (Puyer BioPharma Ltd., P.R. China), normal saline (EPHARM, Ethiopia), liquid paraffin (Oxford Lab Fine Chem LLP, India), paraffin wax (Oxford Lab Fine Chem LLP, India), hematoxylin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., USA), eosin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., USA), xylene (scienTEST - bioKEMIX GmbH, Germany), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] (Chemos GmbH & Co. KG, Germany), the standard drug silymarin (Silybon-140, Micro Lab Limited, India), assay kits for liver chemistry (HUMANA, Germany) and other chemicals and reagents for phytochemical tests. All reagents used were of analytical grade.

Meharie B.G., Amare G.G, & Belayneh Y.M. (2020). Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity of the Crude Extract and Solvent Fractions of Clutia abyssinica (Euphorbiaceae) Leaf Against CCl4-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice. Journal of Experimental Pharmacology, 12, 137-150.

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Analytical Methods for Pesticide Detection

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Acetylthiocholine iodide, 5,5’-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) were obtained from Merck (Germany), trichloro acetic acid (TCA), tris base, 1,1,3,3-tetramethoxypropane (MDA), 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA), 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), n-butanol, acetic acid, FeCl3-6H2O, benzethonium chloride (Hyamine® 1622), and phosphate buffer were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Analytical grade forms of CHP, DIA and MAL were obtained from local pesticide manufacturing companies. IMOD and ANG were supplied by Rose-Pharmed (Iran). The enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were purchased from Bender MedSystem (Germany).

Fakhri-Bafghi M.S., Ghasemi-Niri S.F., Mostafalou S., Navaei-Nigjeh M., Baeeri M., Mohammadirad A, & Abdollahi M. (2016). Protective Effect of Selenium-Based Medicines on Toxicity of Three Common Organophosphorus Compounds in Human Erythrocytes In Vitro. Cell Journal (Yakhteh), 17(4), 740-747.

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Lipid Depletion from Fetal Bovine Serum

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Lipids were removed from fetal bovine serum (Sigma) by stirring with 0.8 vol di-isopropyl ether (Sigma-Aldrich) and 0.2 vol n-butanol (Sigma) for 30 minutes at room temperature, followed by centrifugation at 4,000 × g for 15 minutes at 4°C to achieve phase separation. Serum proteins retained in the lower, aqueous phase were carefully collected, leaving behind lipids in the upper phase and interphase. Solvent contaminants were removed by stirring the serum for 2 hours while allowing a slow stream of nitrogen gas to blow over the surface of the serum. Any remaining solvent contaminants were further removed by dialysis for 72 hours using dialysis cassettes (Thermo Scientific).

Thomas D., Wu M., Nakauchi Y., Zheng M., Thompson-Peach C.A., Lim K., Landberg N., Köhnke T., Robinson N., Kaur S., Kutyna M., Stafford M., Hiwase D., Reinisch A., Peltz G, & Majeti R. (2022). Dysregulated Lipid Synthesis by Oncogenic IDH1 Mutation Is a Targetable Synthetic Lethal Vulnerability. Cancer Discovery, 13(2), 496-515.

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Pharmacological Compounds Acquisition Protocol

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Methanol, n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), acetazolamide (ACTZ), N-ω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), indomethacin, atropine, ouabain octahydrate, hexamethonium bromide, captopril, and propranolol were purchased locally from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals. Acetonitrile and formic acid were obtained from J. T. Baker. All these chemicals were of standard analytical grade.

Younis W., A.l.a.m.g.e.e.r., Schini-Kerth V.B., Nocchi S.R., Silva D.B., de Souza P., Bukhari I.A., Vohra F., Afzal S, & Gasparotto Junior A. (2021). Involvement of Muscarinic Receptors in Hypotensive and Diuretic Effects of Aqueous Soluble Fraction from Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav.. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2021, 6653270.

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